Substances and Mixture

A pure substance: †¢ contains atoms of only one kind. †¢ It has fixed  physical and chemical properties  like boiling point, melting point, valency, density   †¢ contains only one chemical identity, e. g. one element or one compound. †¢ cannot be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means †¢ is homogeneous, ie, has uniform composition throughout the whole sample †¢ its properties are constant throughout the whole sample †¢ its properties do not depend on how it is prepared or purified †¢ has constant chemical compositionPure Substances Elements and compounds  are both examples of pure substances. Pure substances cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or mechanical means such as sifting, filtering, crystallization, distillation, etc. eg, distilling pure water (H2O) does not separate water into hydrogen and oxygen, it only produces water vapour. Pure substances display a sharp melting and boiling point. On a graph of temperature vs time, this is shown as flat line where the temperature does not change over time until all the pure substance has melted or boiled.A mixture: †¢ can be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means †¢ contain more than one chemical substance †¢ displays the properties of the pure substances making it up †¢ its composition can be varied by changing the proportion of pure substances making it up †¢ they do not have a fixed composition †¢ heterogeneous substances, ones with non-uniform composition throughout the sample, are always mixtures Mixtures Some examples of mixtures are given below: Type of Mixture |Example | |gas in gas |The atmosphere is a mixture of gases, mostly nitrogen and oxygen. | |[pic] | |liquid in liquid |Wine is a mixture of mostly ethanol and water. | |[pic] | |solid in solid |Alloys, such as brass, are made up of a mixture of metals. |[pic] | |gas in liquid |Soft drinks, su ch as cola, are mixtures of mainly carbon dioxide gas and water. | |[pic] | |solid in liquid |Sea Water is a mixture of salts dissolved in water. | |[pic] | |solid in gas |Smoke is mixture of tiny solid particles in atmospheric gases. |Homogeneous mixtures do not display a sharp melting point, they melt over a range of temperatures. Sharpness of the melting point is often used to determine whether a substance is pure or impure (mixture) On a temperature vs time graph there is no flat line during which the temperature remains constant over time. Instead, there will be a slope indicating that the components of the mixture are melting Mixtures can be separated into the pure substances making them up by physical or mechanical means because each pure substance retains its own properties.Separating the Components of a Mixture Most laboratory work in biology requires the use of techniques to separate the components of mixtures. This is done by exploiting some property that distinguishes the components, such as their relative †¢ size †¢ density †¢ solubility †¢ electrical charge Dialysis Dialysis is the separation of small  solute  molecules or ions (e. g. , glucose, Na+, Cl-) from macromolecules (e. g. , starch) by virtue of their differing rates of  diffusion  through a differentially permeable membrane. An example:Cellophane is perforated with tiny pores that permit ions and small molecules to pass through but exclude molecules with  molecular weights  greater than about 12,000. If we fill a piece of cellophane tubing with a mixture of starch and sugar and place it in pure water, the sugar molecules (red dots) will diffuse out into the water until equilibrium  is reached; that is, until their concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. Because of their large size, all the starch (blue disks) will be retained within the tubing. Chromatography Chromatography is the term used for several techniques for separating the compo nents of a mixture.Follow the links below for examples. Electrophoresis Electrophoresis uses a direct electric current to separate the components of a mixture by the differing  electrical charge. Some methods for separating the components of a mixture include: |separation technique |property used for separation |example | |Sifting (sieving) |particle size |alluvial gold is separating from smaller soil particles using a sieve | |[pic] |Visual Sorting |colour, shape or size |gold nuggets can be separated from crushed rock on the basis of colour | |[pic] | |Magnetic Attraction |magnetism |magnetic iron can be separated from non-magnetic sulfur using a magnet | |[pic] | |Decanting |density or solubility |liquid water can be poured off (decanted) insoluble sand sediment | | | |less dense oil can be poured off (decanted) more dense water | |[pic] | |Separating Funnel |density of liquids |in a separating funnel, less dense oil floats on top of more dense water, when | | | |the valve i s open the water can be poured out from under the oil | |[pic] | |Filtration |solubility |insoluble calcium carbonate can be separated from soluble sodium chloride in | | | |water by filtration | |[pic] | |Evaporation |solubility and boiling point |soluble sodium chloride can be separated from water by evaporation | |[pic] | |Crystallization |solubility |slightly soluble copper sulfate can be separated from water by crystallization | |[pic] | |Distillation |boiling point |ethanol (ethyl alcohol) can be separated from water by distillation because | | | |ethanol has a lower boiling point than water | Element ? Any substance that contains only one kind of an atom ? Elements are made up of  atoms, the smallest particle that has any of the properties of the element. John Dalton, in 1803, proposed a modern theory of the atom based on the following assumptions. |1. Matter is made up of atoms that are indivisible and indestructible. | |2. All atoms of an element are identical. | |3.A toms of different elements have different weights and different chemical properties. | |4. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole numbers to form compounds. | |5. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed. When a compound decomposes, the atoms are recovered unchanged | ? cannot be broken down into simpler substances ? is a chemical substance that is made up of a particular kind of atoms and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it can be transmitted into another element through a  nuclear reaction. ? all of the atoms in a sample of an element have the same number of protons, though they may be different  isotopes, with differing numbers of neutrons. elements can be divided into three categories that have characteristic properties: metals, nonmetals, and semimetals ? Some properties of an element can be observed only in a collection of atoms or molecules of the element. These properties include color, density, m elting point, boiling point, and thermal and electrical conductivity. ? While some of these properties are due chiefly to the electronic structure of the element, others are more closely related to properties of the nucleus, e. g. , mass number. Compounds †¢ The relative proportions of the elements in a compound are fixed. †¢ . Two or more elements combined into one substance through a  chemical reaction form a  chemical compound.All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds. †¢ The components of a compound do  not  retain their individual properties. Both sodium and chlorine are poisonous; their compound, table salt (NaCl) is absolutely essential to life. †¢ Properties of compound is different from the elements that made it up †¢ The mass of the compound is determined by the mass of the elements that made it up. †¢ Compounds cannot be separated by physical means: using magnet, filtration, etc. It takes large inputs of energ y to separate the components of a compound Compounds can be broken back into elements by chemical reaction, exposure to light, etc. When compounds are formed heat and light is given out or absorbed. †¢ Compounds  are homogeneous forms of matter. Their constituent  elements  (atoms and/or ions) are always present in fixed proportions (1:1 depicted here). The elements can be divided into three categories that have characteristic properties: 1. Metals 2. Nonmetals 3. Metalloids Most elements are metals, which are found on the left and toward the bottom of the periodic table. A handful of nonmetals are clustered in the upper right corner of the periodic table. The semimetals can be found along the dividing line between the metals and the nonmetals Properties of an element are sometimes classed as either chemical or physical.Chemical properties are usually observed in the course of a chemical reaction, while physical properties are observed by examining a sample of the pure el ement. The chemical properties of an element are due to the distribution of electrons around the atom's nucleus, particularly the outer, or valence, electrons; it is these electrons that are involved in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction does not affect the atomic nucleus; the atomic number therefore remains unchanged in a chemical reaction. Some properties of an element can be observed only in a collection of atoms or molecules of the element. These properties include color, density, melting point, boiling point, and thermal and electrical conductivity. While some of hese properties are due chiefly to the electronic structure of the element, others are more closely related to properties of the nucleus, e. g. , mass number. The elements are sometimes grouped according to their properties. One major classification of the elements is as  metals,  nonmetals, and metalloids. Elements with very similar chemical properties are often referred to as families; some families of eleme nts include the halogens, the inert gases, and the alkali metals. In the  periodic table  the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weight in such a way that the elements in any column have similar properties. Chemical properties Chemical properties of elements and compounds Atomic number  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Atomic mass  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Electronegativity according to Pauling  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Density  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Melting point  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Boiling point  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Vanderwaals radius  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ionic | |radius  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Isotopes  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Electronic schell  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Energy of first ionisation  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Energy of second ionisation  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Standard potential | |Atomic number | | | |The atomic number indicates the number of protons within the core of an atom. The atomic number is an important concept of chemistry and | |quantum mechanics. An element and its place within the  periodic table  are derived from this concept. |When an atom is generally electrically neutral, the atomic number will equal the number of electrons in the atom, which can be found around | |the core. These electrons mainly determine the chemical behaviour of an atom. Atoms that carry electric charges are called ions. Ions either| |have a number of electrons larger (negatively charged) or smaller (positively charged) than the atomic number. | |Atomic mass | | | |The name indicates the mass of an atom, expressed in atomic mass units (amu). Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the protons and| |neutrons contained in the nucleus.Each proton or neutron weighs about 1 amu, and thus the atomic mass in always very close to the  mass (or | |nucleon) number, which indicates the number of particles within the core of an atom; this means the protons and neutrons. Each isotope of a | |chemical element can vary in mass. The atomic mass of an isotope indicates the number of neutrons that are present within the core of the | |atoms. The total atomic mass of an element is an equivalent of the mass units of its isotopes. The relative occurrence of the isotopes in | |nature is an important factor in the determination of the overall atomic mass of an element. In reference to a certain chemical element, the| |atomic mass as shown in the periodic table is the average atomic mass of all the chemical element's stable isotopes.The average is weighted| |by the relative natural abundances of the element's isotopes. | |Electronegativity according to Pauling | | | |Electro negativity measures the inclination of an atom to pull the electronic cloud in its direction during chemical bonding with another | |atom. | |Pauling's scale is a widely used method to order chemical elements according to their electro negativity. Nobel prize winner Linus Pauling | |developed this scale in 1932. | |The values of electro negativity are not calculated, based on mathematical formula or a measurement.It is more like a pragmatic range. | |Pauling gave the element with the highest possible electro negativity,  fluorine, a value of 4,0. Francium, the element with the lowest | |possible electro negativity, was given a value of 0,7. All of the remaining elements are given a value of somewhere between these two | |extremes. | |Density | | | |The density of an element indicates the number of units of mass of the element that are present in a certain volume of a medium. | |Traditionally, density is expressed through the Greek letter ro (written as r).Within the SI system of units density is expressed in | |kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3). The density of an element is usually expressed graphically with temperatures and air pressures, because | |these two properties influence density. | |Melting point | | | |The melting point of an element or compound means the temperatures at which the solid form of the element or compound is at equilibrium with| |the liquid form. We usually presume the air pressure to be 1 atmosphere. | |For exa mple: the melting point of  water  is 0  oC, or 273 K. |Boiling point | | | |The boiling point of an element or compound means the temperature at which the liquid form of an element or compound is at equilibrium with | |the gaseous form. We usually presume the air pressure to be 1 atmosphere. | |For example: the boiling point of water is 100  oC, or 373 K. | |At the boiling point the vapor pressure of an element or compound is 1 atmosphere. | |Vanderwaals radius | | | |Even when two atoms that are near one another will not bind, they will still attract one another. This phenomenon is known as the | |Vanderwaals interaction. |The Vanderwaals forces cause a force between the two atoms. This force becomes stronger, as the atoms come closer together. However, when | |the two atoms draw too near each other a rejecting force will take action, as a consequence of the exceeding rejection between the | |negatively charged electrons of both atoms. As a result, a certain distance wil l develop between the two atoms, which is commonly known as | |the Vanderwaals radius. | |Through comparison of Vanderwaals radiuses of several different pairs of atoms, we have developed a system of Vanderwaals radiuses, through | |which we can predict the Vanderwaals radius between two atoms, through addition. |Ionic radius | | | |Ionic radius is the radius that an ion has in an ionic crystal, where the ions are packed together to a point where their outermost | |electronic orbitals are in contact with each other. An orbital is the area around an atom where, according to orbital theory, the | |probability of finding an electron is the greatest. | |Isotopes | | | |The atomic number does not determine the number of neutrons in an atomic core. As a result, the number of neutrons within an atom can vary. | |Then atoms that have the same atomic number may differ in atomic mass.Atoms of the same element that differ in atomic mass are called | |isotopes. | |Mainly with the heavier at oms that have a higher atomic number, the number of neutrons within the core may exceed the number of protons. | |Isotopes of the same element are often found in nature alternately or in mixtures. | |An example: chlorine has an atomic number of 17, which basically means that all chlorine atoms contain 17 protons within their core. There | |are two isotopes. Three-quarters of the chlorine atoms found in nature contain 18 neutrons and one quarter contains 20 neutrons. The mass | |numbers of these isotopes are 17 + 18 = 35 and 17 + 20 = 37. The isotopes are written as follows: 35Cl and 37Cl. |When isotopes are noted this way the number of protons and neutrons does not have to be mentioned separately, because the symbol | |of  chlorine  within the periodic chart (Cl) is set on the seventeenth place. This already indicates the number of protons, so that one can | |always calculate the number of neutrons easily by means of the mass number. | | | |A great number of isotopes is not sta ble. They will fall apart during radioactive decay processes. Isotopes that are radioactive are called | |radioisotopes. | |Electronic shell | | | |The electronic configuration of an atom is a description of the arrangement of electrons in circles around the core.These circles are not | |exactly round; they contain a wave-like pattern. For each circle the probability of an electron to be present on a certain location is | |described by a mathematic formula. Each one of the circles has a certain level of energy, compared to the core. Commonly the energy levels | |of electrons are higher when they are further away from the core, but because of their charges, electrons can also influence each another's | |energy levels. Usually the middle circles are filled up first, but there may be exceptions due to rejections. | |The circles are divided up in shells and sub shells, which can be numbered by means of quantities. |Energy of first ionisation | | | |The ionisation energy means the ene rgy that is required to make a free atom or molecule lose an electron in a vacuum. In other words; the | |energy of ionisation is a measure for the strength of electron bonds to molecules. This concerns only the electrons in the outer circle. | |Energy of second ionisation | | | |Besides the energy of the first ionisation, which indicates how difficult it is to remove the first electron from an atom, there is also an | |energy measure for second ionisation. This energy of second ionisation indicates the degree of difficulty to remove the second atom. | | |As such, there is also the energy of a third ionisation, and sometimes even the energy of a fourth or fifth ionisation. | |Standard potential | | | |The standard potential means the potential of a redox reaction, when it is at equilibrium, in relation to zero. When the standard potential | |exceeds zero, we are dealing with an oxidation reaction. When the standard potential is below zero, we are dealing with a reduction | |reacti on. The standard potenti |

Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave

â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? † was first published in the Saturday Review on September 27, 1913, then in Thomas Hardy’s 1914 collection, satires of Circumstance: Lyrics and Reveries with Miscellaneous Pieces. The poem reflects Hardy’s interest in death and events beyond everyday reality, but these subjects are presented humorously, with a strong dose of irony and satire. This treatment is somewhat unusual for Hardy, who also produced a number of more serious poems concerning death. In â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † a deceased woman carries on a dialogue with an individual who is disturbing her grave site. The identity of this figure, the â€Å"digger† of the woman’s grave is unknown through the first half of the poem (Ruby 1). As the woman attempts to guess who the digger is, she reveals her desire to be remembered by various figures she was acquainted with when she was alive. In a series of ironic turns, the responses of the digger show that the woman’s acquaintances a loved one, family relatives, and a despised enemy have all forsaken her memory. Finally it is revealed that the digger is the woman’s dog, but the canine too, is unconcerned with his former mistress and is digging only so it can bury a bone. Though the poem contains a humorous tone, the picture Hardy paints is bleak. The dead are almost completely eliminated from the memory of the living and do not enjoy any form of contentment This somber outlook is typical of Hardy’s verse, which often presented a skeptical and negative view of the human condition (Ruby 1). Hardy was born in 1840 and raised in the region of Dorestshire, England, the basis for the Wessex countryside that would later appear in his fiction and poetry. He attended a local school until he was sixteen, when his mother paid a lot of money for him to be apprenticed to an architect in Dorchester. In 1862 he moved to London, where he worked as an architect, remaining there for a period of five years. Between 1865 and 1867 Hardy wrote many poems, none of which were published. In 1867 he returned to Dorchester and, while continuing to work in architecture, began to write novels in his spare time. Hardy became convinced that if he was to make a living writing, he would have to do so as a novelist (Ruby 2). Drawing on the way of life he absorbed in Dorsetshire as a youth and the wide range of English writers with which he as familiar, Hardy spent nearly thirty years as a novelist before devoting himself to poetry. In 1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, who would become subject of many of his poems. They spent several years in happiness until the 1880s, when marital troubles began to shake the closeness of their union. Hardy’s first book of verse was published in 1898, when he was fifty-eight years old and had achieved a large degree of success as a novelist. Although his verse was not nearly as successful as his novels, Hardy continued to focus on his poetry and published seven more books of verse before his death, developing his confidence (Ruby2). With the composition of the Dynasts: A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars (1904-08) an epic historical drama written in verse, Hardy was hailed as a major poet. He was praised as a master of his craft, and his writing was admired for its great emotional force and technical skill. Hardy continued to write until just before his death in 1928. Despite his wish to be buried with his family, influential sentiment for his burial in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey instigated a severe compromise: the removal of his heart, which was buried in Dorchester, and the cremation of his body, which was interred in the Abbey (Ruby 2). The structure of â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † is a familiar one, although not one commonly associated with poetry: the joke. A situation is established and briefly developed, then the punch line turns everything on its head. In Hardy’s bitter joke a dead woman has high- flown expectations of the living: her loved one will remain forever faithful to her; her family will continue to look after her exactly as they did in life: and even her enemy’s hatred will not wane. The poem’s punch line deflates her hopes and reveals them as vain and ridiculous. Hardy sets up his joke carefully, with a poet’s attention to the language he uses (Ruby 4). The atmosphere is set in the first two lines. A sigh from the grave seems to signal profound meditation on morality and love. The phrasing of the two lines is almost self-consciously â€Å"poetic. † Such language is maintained throughout the first three stanzas. Expressions like â€Å"planting rue,† â€Å"Death’s gin. † â€Å"The Gate that shuts on all flesh† portray feeling that is heightened, more sensitive and authentic than every day, emotion (Ruby 4). They awaken a sense of tragedy and compassion in the reader, But Hardy is merely setting us up for the punch line. They tone of the poem’s language begins begins to change in the fourth stanza. One hardly notices it, so great is the reader’s surprise that it was a little dog that was poeticizing all along. The first seeds of doubt have been planted: this poem may not be exactly what it at first seemed. The dead woman recognizes the dog’s voice and utters the article of faith she feels most deeply: a dog’s love outshines anything human (Ruby 4). But when the dog replies, the reader realizes that Hardy is up to something else. The â€Å"poetry† and sentimentality have vanished. The dog’s voice is as ordinary and plainspoken as that of the Wessex country folk. He deflates her last hope so offhandedly and without pretense that its effect is brutal. At the same time the dead woman’s expectations about her lover, her family and enemy are portrayed as products of the same ridiculous sentimental outlook (Hardy 4). â€Å"After coming to the end of ‘Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? ’ the reader realizes that the title would have been more accurate even if less interesting if called, â€Å"Oh No One Is Digging on My Grave. ’ † (Ruby 10).

Case Study, Amazon: From Book Seller to Service Provider Essay

Niklas Zennstrom stated: â€Å"When we look at investing, we always think about ‘how defensible is this, how likely is it that somebody is going to copy this. ‘ E-commerce tends to be something easy to copy because it’s execution. † Amazon is the world’s largest online retailer since the company opened in the garage of Jeff Bezos’, and its yearly are over 10 billion dollars. Many companies subsequently have copied Amazon and now compete for e-commerce profits; therefore companies like Google and Microsoft become an issue for Amazon. This has instigated Amazon to develop products for other e-commerce businesses, and now Amazon offers business- to -business e-commerce. This paper will discuss whether Amazon is moving away from its core competency of a leading online retailer, and if this is a wise strategy. A brief description of the Amazon database, how Amazon uses each component, and what data management issues may be encountered by Amazon, the relationship between data, information, and how Amazon tackles each will be included in this paper. To survive the invasion of companies like Google, Amazon has resolved to supply a series of computing, storage and other services that make its infrastructure available to businesses and people to assist them administer the technological and logistical parts of their company. Amazon only uses 10 percent of its processing capability, and offering these additional services will not impair other segments of the online retailer. This is a move away from its core expertise; however, this is a shrewd decision on the part of the Amazon Company. This strategy allows the company to boost earnings by using resources already on hand. This is similar to a landlord deciding to rent out the empty apartment as a storage unit, because it was not used by a family. The space was already there the landlord just found a new use for the vacant space. The Amazon database is made up of the Simple Storage Service (S3), the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), and the Mechanical Turk. These services programs are an attempt by Amazon to be a principal competitor in the next development of the Internet. The Simple Storage Service allows businesses to warehouse data and applications on Amazon disk drives at 15 cents per gigabyte per month. For 10 cents an hour Amazon offers processing power on the Elastic Compute Cloud which is the same as one rudimentary server. The Mechanical Turk is the most complex of the three Amazon database components, and is commission based. Rainer, Turban wrote in the: Introduction to Information Systems: Supporting and Transforming Business, 2nd Edition, that the: â€Å"Mechanical Turk service combines processing power with networks of real people who are paid to do the kind of work that machines cannot do well, such as recognizing inappropriate content in images or transcribing audio. Companies post pieces of work onto the Mechanical Turk and pay people online, for which Amazon receives a 10 percent commission. † The data management issue that might be encountered by Amazon is how much space they can rent out before it takes away space and time from the online retailer system. A second issue would be what Amazon must do when Google and Microsoft start to copy and develop similar products at a lower price. Amazon concentrate on declining sales by increasing its productivity to ensure investors will see the profit growth they expected form the online retailer. Amazon decided to offer services that no other online retailer provided and this is how they tackled all their current issues. Amazon is helping thousands of companies store and debug their data information, therefore all three programs can be used together by a client to store e-mails after they check them for malware, and see what keywords draw prospective consumers to their sites. I think Amazon will succeed goal to revolutionize retailing as long as they understand how to adapt quickly in business.

Emergency Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Management - Essay Example Consistent testing and maintenance of warning systems will help a lot to minimize physical damages and loss of life too. (Emergency Management) Emergency services are organizations which work to ensure the safety of the public, by addressing emergency situations. So it must act to its best in providing information about upcoming events to the public. For this, emergency services must adhere to thoughtful risk communication strategy. It should drive out the fear of public upon certain serious crisis. As well as, make the public believe that the risk existing is low, so that the public could stay with ease. Another important thing is that the emergency services should be in a position to provide accurate as well as quick information. To put it in a nut shell, it should not simply alert and alarm people but educate and inform them about the issue. It should make the public understand, no matter how complex the issue may be. (Emergency Management) The support and cooperation of the public could be well attained only through making them understand the intensity of the situation. If the public is threatened or misguided, then they may not response properly during the crisis. Once gained the hope of the public, we need to do rehearsal of emergency cases. For this the help of emergency response team could be sought. (Lindel, Pratter and Perry) While working within the NIMS, at times necessity may occur such that we need to bring in outside organisations for help. The National Incident Management Systems (NIMS) provides consistent mechanism to effectively prepare for emergency incidents. It can contact other organisations or associations such as public health agencies or EMS organisations in regard with the availability of their training. NIMS integrate the MRC unit and the community’s existing public health and medical service infrastructure. Thus it strengthens the integral component of the emergency response system. (Lindel, Pratter and Perry) Evaluation

Freshmen year student retention in STEM major at university using Thesis

Freshmen year student retention in STEM major at university using Quality tools - Thesis Example This method was preferred because it provided a link between the theoretical perspectives and research purpose and the data collected was to give findings to research. The target population was the students and members of staffs of City University of New York, New York. They were to be divided into different categories depending on their level in the college as shown in the table below. The researcher used stratified random sampling which involved taking the population frame and dividing it into different strata. The strata consisted of units of homogeneous nature. Each stratum was marked so as to differentiate it from others and avoid cases of overlap. This data is collected first time whether directly or indirectly in character and shape of raw materials. This was a major instrument in data collection as the questionnaires were to be short and open ended as deemed necessary by the researcher. The questionnaires were to be physically presented or administered to the sample population in the institution. The respondents were required to give a brief explanation on their opinions. Those students and staffs who needed assistance in filling in the questionnaire were to be assisted by the researcher. The research first and foremost sought to get authority from the management of the university for the collection of the data, and with the authority granted, I made an appointment with the college registrar for the analysis of the available records such as students’ records, hostels location, class timetables etc. The research also sought to get data from different sources like publications by private individuals, different journals and periodicals. Data collected through the various methods was to be complied, analyzed and the data presented in terms of percentage. Data presentation should be in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Qualitative method refers to the

Analytic Report of Hunting PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytic Report of Hunting PLC - Essay Example Hunting Plc focused on the shipping industry. Originally, the Hunting Plc had been named Hunting and Pattison. The company has two ships. The two ships are Genii and Sylvia. During 1890, Hunting Plc invested large sums of capital in the oil tanker business (Plunkett 2007). The managers of Hunting Plc focused on their activity, being a broker for the tankers. As time flew by rapidly, the managers of Hunting Plc expanded their business. The new 1930s to 1940s focus included aircraft maintenance. In addition, the company entered the air transports during the 1930s and 1940s.also, the company set up the Hunting aircraft during 1944. In 1945, Hunting Plc gave time to their new business venture, Hunting Air Travel Ld and the airline business. During 1959, the company also ventured into the new business British Aircraft Corporation. Presently, the company is engaged in the construction of oil wells and oil platform accessories market segment (http://www.hunting.plc.uk/). Further, the compan y used borrowed money to finance the company’s assets. The total liabilities amount, ?217,000 includes the accounts payable and short/long term debt. The company also generates ?103,000,000 funds from other liabilities (http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=HTG.L&annual). Borrowing money is another source of cash inflows. Another source of funds is capital investment (Brigham 2011). In terms of Hunting Plc’s 2009 size, the company is significantly BIG. As of 2009, the company’s current assets reached ?580,000,000. In addition, the company’s 2009 total assets amounts to ? 818,000,000. The total assets include the ?404,000,000 cash and cash equivalents, ? 54,000,000, and inventory amounting to net receivables amounting to ? 116,000,000 (http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=HTG.L&annual). Identity if the type of Hunting Plc. Hunting Plc is Britain’s top supplier of the needs of companies engaged in the oil and gas industries. An estimated 30 percent of the company is owned by the Hunting family. The company’s headquarters is in London. In terms of operations, the company operates in the oil and gas equipment and services area. The company supplies materials needed by the gas and oil business players. Further, Hunting Plc competes on broad basis. The company’s competitors include Petrofact Limited. The other competitors are The Wir Group PLC. A third group is called Schlumberg Ltd. Another competitor is Lamprell Plc. Hunting Plc generated ? 360,000,000 alone during 2009. Likewise, Hunting Plc generated a net income after tax amounting to ? 29,000,000. Based on its history, Hunting Plc established its own unique growth strategy by acquiring other related companies. Hunting Plc acquired Innova Extel for US $ 125 million during August of 2010. The company’s acquisition ensures Hunting Plc’s entry into the profitable environment electronics technology to the worldwide energy environment. Another growth strategy is to set up a branch in strategic locations around the world. The company sets up production plants and hires people around the world to deliver the world famous top quality service to the Hunting Plc clients. The company also established leading technological and service presence on its current business strategies. The company prefers to enter into a business where profits are very significantly large (Hutaikbat 2011). Mission The company’s mission statement is a good model to be implemented. The employees and management set up a

Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Term paper - Essay Example The author tries to accomplish awareness among people. There is no argumentation here, Michelle Nijhuis only informs the audience what amazing people like Kress have done for this planet to preserve the lifecycle. Nijuis describes what puffins are; in her description she uses emotions to clear the purpose. She didn’t start by ‘the earth needs its birds to keep the natural lifecycle intact’. She merely drew the picture in readers’ minds that puffins are simply adorable to look at and their chicks bring that emotional ‘awe’ to the mouth when one sees them. But there shouldn’t be any misdirection here, she clarifies that no one needs to be an bird lover to admire cute birds like puffin. What she’s really saying is that if people like Kress are not there, we (the readers) would have missed out on such cute animals, that is the purpose of her article. Since the article is published in the Slate Magazine, the audience belongs to many ar eas of life. Slate magazine covers many areas including business, politics and technology, so anyone out there is the target. This earth and its species are for everyone. Stephen Kress is not the only one responsible for protection of puffins. This article can be read online and that makes the whole world Nijhuis’s audience. There aren’t only puffins that need to be taken care of; many other breeds of various other animals are disappearing fast. How to Fake a Puffin Society can save endangered whales, or correct someone who is poaching Siberian tigers for their fur or a person that is stealing eggs from an eagle’s nest in Himalayas. The audience is not limited by any means, it is an inspiration for all. One doesn’t need to be scientist like Kress or an article writer like Michelle to take care of the natural habitat. The audience is everyone who lives and breathes on this planet. Nijhuis comes across the subject in both neutral and funny way. There is a mix of personas. For instance when Kress was at

HLT362V exercise 27 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HLT362V exercise 27 - Assignment Example As the hours of postnatal increase, the Systolic Blood Pressure also increases, which is a positive relationship. Postnatal age hours (x) which is the independent variable is positively related to the Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) i.e. as the postnatal age hour increases so is SBP. This can be observed also from the graph, the graph for Figure 2 B has a positive slope since the line extends from the lower left corner to the upper right corner and shows a positive relationship. This line shows that the increase in x (independent variable) is also associated with an increase in y (dependent variable). Thus, the independent variable postnatal age is used to predict the dependent variable of Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP). As the hours of postnatal increase, the Systolic Blood Pressure also increases, which is a positive relationship. Postnatal age hours (x) which is the independent variable is positively related to the Mean Blood Pressure (MBP) i.e. as the postnatal age hour increases so is MBP. This can be observed also from the graph; the graph for Figure 2 C has a positive slope since the line extends from the lower left corner to the upper right corner and shows a positive relationship. This line shows that the increase in x (independent variable) is also associated with an increase in y (dependent variable). Thus, the independent variable postnatal age is used to predict the dependent variable of Mean Blood Pressure (MBP). As the hours of postnatal increase, the Systolic Blood Pressure also increases, which is a positive relationship. Postnatal age hours (x) which is the independent variable is positively related to the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) i.e. as the postnatal age hour increases so is SBP. This can be observed also from the graph; the graph for Figure 3A has a positive slope since the line extends from the lower left corner to the upper right corner and shows a positive relationship. This line

The invention of the Ipod and it's impact on society Research Paper

The invention of the Ipod and it's impact on society - Research Paper Example This study explores the social context in which Apple’s iPod has gained significance in the lives of millions of users. The iPod as a technological and commercial success In October 2001, computer manufacturer Apple launched the iPod, a pocket-sized gadget that plays music that may be listened to by its wearer even while the latter is mobile. The iPod’s introductory price at $399 was considered by its critics to be a major problem since it was priced higher than many of the other music players it was competing with at the time. More importantly, the iPod was released into the market just after 9/11 and at the height of the technology slump (Economist, 2004). Instead, the iPod had instead proven to be the most popular, best-selling, and concededly the most fashionable music-player in the market. In nearly all public places, people could be seen with the characteristic white earphone leads leading to the device. The earliest models were built with a 5 gigabyte hard disk t hat could store up to 1,000 songs; the later models had upwards of 40 gigabytes and a storage capacity of 10,000 songs, when other MP3 players could only store dozens of selections at the most. Coupled with the iPod’s capacious memory is Apples’ iTunes that allows music to be downloaded at less than a dollar per track. Techno buffs point out that while the iPod is essentially a fad that may be replaced by other devises and models, it is the first music-playing device to make use of hard disk technology. In the next few years after the iPod was introduced in the market, its immediate converts belonged to the twenty- and thirty-something status-conscious young adults (Bulik, 2008), and eventually to the teen-agers whose parents could spend the nearly four hundred dollars for one device per child. These meant not only the students in college, but also their professors who used their units not only to record music, but also digital lectures and talks that they would listen to in their free time (Levy, et al, 2004). More recently, and particularly since less costly models such as the iPod Nano ($149) had been marketed, there had been growing applications for the very young. Today, nearly one-third of digital media users are ten years old and below, and more than half of them prefer the iPod (Bulik, 2008). They usually benefit from hand-me-down video iPod units when their parents switch to newer models, but which still work well. At the same time, content directed at this age group have been developed by Disney, such as customized selections from Hannah Montana, High School Muscial and Pirates of the Carribean. Other media companies are following suit. The early success stature of the iPod culture was further enhanced when celebrities began enthusing over their own units, such as songwriter Denise Rich, Will Smith who called it â€Å"the gadget of the century,† and Gwyneth Paltrow who praised iPod in Vogue and coincidentally (or not) named her b aby Apple. The device and its signature white earplug leads were seen in many movies and TV shows of the early 2000s as a common feature of daily life (Levy, et al., 2004). During the early years, the iPod had been most conspicuous in big cities and college campuses, and were patronized by students and professionals such as judges (Levy, et al., 2004). More recently, its use had spread even to unconventional locations (for a digital music player) and for reasons other than

Racism in America (the zeitgeist) around year 1890-1920 based on the Essay

Racism in America (the zeitgeist) around year 1890-1920 based on the book Give Me Liberty, by Foner (chapter 17, 18, and 19 only) - Essay Example Black and white people resided nearby on lands as well as agricultural estates and physical segregation developed contact involving neighbors sporadic. On the other hand, liberated color citizens, situated mainly in northern and southern municipalities as well as metropolis, suffered isolation in different sorts. When the High Court made judgment in Dread Scott versus Strafford (1858) that Black Americans weren’t American people, whites from the north isolated black people from civic transport seats as well as banned their entrance, except for employees, from nearly all lodges with food outlets. When permitted into lecture hall as well as theaters, black people sat in separate parts; they as well attended isolated schools. Nearly all churches, as well, got segregated (Washington 4). Rebuilding subsequent to the civil fighting caused severe problems to white primacy and isolation, particularly within the Southern part where the majority Black Americans continued to reside. The slavery abolition during 1866 after which approval of the 14th modification (1869) followed which extended nationality as well as same law protection to Black Americans moreover within decades just following the Civil fighting isolation reduced. However the chances of black people using together public transportation as well as shared housing with white people grew in the time subsequent to 1866. Black people received right to use public vehicles as well as railway transport on the basis of integration. Definitely, numerous transport corporations preferred integration since they didn’t desire a danger losing business with blacks Black American gained entrance to unified public accommodation. Enactment through Parliament of public Privileges Act (1876), which banned racial favoritism within public housing, offers proof concerning sustained existence of racism as well as the call for

India automobile industry Essay Example for Free

India automobile industry Essay Is this the worst period for the automobile industry that youve witnessed? The sales of petrol-fuelled cars have been declining month after month and it went unnoticed. However, diesel car sales started declining only since the last six months. Sales of petrol cars have been declining for the past two years. This is certainly the worst period, I cant think of any period in recent history thats been anything like this. The correction thats happening now is of diesel-powered car sales. If you look back at the diesel car sales, it had a very rapid growth. Beginning of 2011, growth has been very high, till the end of last year. Carmakers had expanded capacity. There is now not much attraction for diesel cars with increasing fuel prices. There has been substantial cut-back in petrol car production, but the cut-back in diesel car production was seen only from last month. Analysts are talking about a huge inventory pile-up at stockyards and dealerships. Is this one of the major reasons for plant shut downs? Shut downs are happening, because there is no point producing cars which are not selling. If I have a capacity to sell 40,000 cars and the demand today in the market is for only 30,000 cars, what do I do now? I have to scale back production. I have two ways of doing it. Either I reduce production each day by 25% or work on less days and produce 25% less. It is more economical to choose the second option, to work for a fewer number of days at maximum capacity. Because this will help reduce overheads such as electricity, transport, water charges, etc. Lot of money goes into these. What companies are doing is working for a fewer number of days but at maximum capacity on those days.

Domestic reforms in the period up to 1529 Essay Example for Free

Domestic reforms in the period up to 1529 Essay With what success did Wolsey carry through his domestic reforms in the period up to 1529? Wolsey was a fortunate man and with some success carried through the domestic reforms. He usually had the aim to achieve greater power and more control. In this essay I will study how successful Wolsey actually was and why. Wolsey became Lord Chancellor in 1515, which gained him the most important office of the State. He was also at the very centre of government. Living so close to West Minster and the Royal Courts of Justice gave Wolsey the opportunity to parade around and demonstrate the power he had as Henry VIIIs chief minister and leading chairman. Wolsey managed to retain the kings favour and was therefore with some success able to carry through his own domestic reforms. He certainly didnt want many people influencing the king and so kept and eye on the gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. Henry VIII used the Privy Chamber as Henry VII had done but rather than being alone he liked to be surrounded by gentlemen of his own age. These men were extremely close to the king and could exercise considerable influence. By 1518 Wolsey became concerned by this and so placed his own man, Richard Pace to be gentlemen in audience of the King. After this he seized his chance and expelled many of the minions for bad influence or sent them to do jobs away from the centre of power. Wolsey had managed to keep his power by encouraging the King in his pleasures and therefore had his chance to strike again, this time with the suggestion of reforming the government. Henry interested in this willingly agreed. Wolsey managed to expel the minions with such success that he had no need to carry on reforming. This suggests that Wolsey tried to maintain sole influence over the King. I think that because Henry wasnt a great deal interested, Wolsey had a better chance of success and having had the power to persuade the king also helped him to succeed. In 1526 Wolsey also proposed to reform the royal household, the Eltham Ordinances were introduced. Theses were designed to give Wolsey as much control as possible over those close to the king and reduce the size of the Privy Chamber. Wolsey was successful with this as the amount of people went from 12 down to 6. He managed to remove his chief enemy, William Compton, and replace him with Henry Norris. Wolsey also devised a council attendant on the king but made sure they were always busy elsewhere. Wolsey was successful in reforming the household and this is shown by the things he managed to do. The changes were meant to cut costs but once he had achieved his objectives and removed the people who may influence the king he had no reason to proceed. Wolseys greatest impact was in legal reform. In 1516 he put forward a reforming plan which was intended to end the corruption in the legal system and provide cheap and impartial justice. This reform was a success in that he exposed and punished many individuals. He based the centre of his work with the court of the Star Chamber. Wolsey made this court very popular and the evidence to prove this is that it had 120 cases per year, which was 10 times the annual total Henry VII had in his reign. Wolsey was successful as he put the Earl of Northumberland into prison for corruption of the court and in 1517 he sent a royal chancellor, Sir Robert Sheffield, to the tower for being an accessory to a crime. Respect for Wolsey increased because of this, but enemies were also made. A quote from Wolsey to the King shows how successful he was and how much power he did have to exercise. And for your realm, Our Lord be thanked, it was never in such peace or tranquillity: for all this summer I have neither of riot, felony, nor forcible entry, but that your laws be in every place indifferently (fairly) ministered, without leaning in any manner. The letter goes on to say how successful in reforming the laws in the Star Chamber but also that he had some power over the King as he writes how he is going to deal with the two men rather than asking what he should do. He explains that people will understand the new law of the Star Chamber. Wolsey also had some success with the Court of Chancery as he managed to increase the work. Wolsey has been credited with making a major contribution to English law through his decisions, which created precedents. He managed to establish a permanent judical committee dealing with cases brought by the poor, who he favoured, which created enemies of richer people. Wolsey wanted to see courts available for the poor and weak, since they stood little chance against the rich and strong in common law courts where large sums of money was required to succeed. Yet within these courts many honest people were put on trial. A contemporary source, the Chronicle of Edward Hall dated 1526 explains how Wolsey letting the poor people have a court led to innocent people being punished. The poor people perceived that he punished the rich, then they complained without number, and brought many an honest man to trouble and vexation. Here I think Wolsey achieved his objectives and also achieved successfully reforming the Court of Chancery. Wolsey managed to reform administration and finance with some success. He built up the Kings affinity in each locality by appointing the kings servants or his own to key country positions. In local government he gained his centralising drive with some accomplishment as the local officials responded more rapidly and efficiently to royal instructions. Wolsey wanted to have control in every sector and with the reformations he did manage to achieve his objectives with many successes. It is said that Wolsey made an important contribution to Tudor finance. He managed to develop the tax, which is now known as a subsidiary. Wolsey also changed the inadequate fixed rates and yields for a flexible system based on accurate valuations of taxpayers wealth. This proved very successful as people were only paying what they could afford. Wolsey wasnt able to manage parliament well, which was probably because of his temperament and the impossibility of winning taxation for wars that had already happened. This domestic policy did create enemies and for this reason it was quite unsuccessful in the early 1520s. Wolsey soon lacked humility and lost some ability of being able to persuade, so economic benefit for the crown was little and people became hostile. Wolsey demanded the Amicable Grant. It was a non-parliamentary tax, but it did not prove successful as he had hoped. It led to rebellion in East Anglia and many other places just refused to pay. This was a huge failure for Wolsey as the rebels won and the Amicable Grant was abandoned. Wolsey was also relatively unsuccessful when he tried to change the law about enclosures. He saw them as a moral evil as many Tudor commentators had done. Unfortunately Wolsey saw the enclosures as the landowners being greedy and didnt see them as a long term economic change that was producing inflation. Yet he did still try to be an economic reformer. A letter to Wolsey from the Bishop of Lincoln in September 1528 explains how badly villages have been affected for the worst by the enclosures. Your heart would mourn to see the towns, villages, hamlets, manor places, in ruin and decay, the people gone, the ploughs laid down, the living of many honest husbandmen in one mans hand, ht common in many places taken away from then poor people. The Bishop of Lincoln in the letter also explains how he is supporting the reformation and how the people pray for it. Never saw people so glad as they are now, hoping the King and Wolsey will see reformation made. They pray for the King and your Grace everywhere. With the enclosures I think Wolsey was seeing only what he wanted to see and since he favoured poor people only saw in favour of them, this is why this domestic reform was unsuccessful. Although, he did prove himself to be energetic and well intentioned, even if he did fail. Wolsey did come up with other ways to carry through his domestic reforms. One of the ways was to reform the church. He was the most powerful churchman in England and so in 1519 he said he was going to reform the clergy. He wanted to improve both church and state when he was dealing with political enemies at court in that year. This plan was not very successful as he made plans but nothing really became of them. There were great demands for reforming clerical life and Wolsey knew this, he also knew that the privileged status of the clergy was resented. Wolsey wasnt terribly successful in reforming the church and he said that he may not have paid enough attention to it. He said, If I had served God as diligently as I have done the King This suggests that he didnt pay enough attention it, as he would have liked. However, he did pave the way for what happened in the 1530s, as he was involved in all aspects of the church. Churchmen became used to orders and enquiries from the crown, but the disadvantages of this was that their independence was reduced and therefore it became harder to re assert in time of a crisis. In conclusion, Wolsey did carry through some of his domestic reforms with some success. The only reason some of them werent successful is because of how he reacted in certain situations, for example the enclosures. Wolsey was a very powerful man and knew how to persuade the King, and this was usually how he achieved success, the people that got in the way were his enemies. Even though he did have some failures he did carry on, but usually for his own interest, to gain full power. In certain ways he did improve things for others, he especially tried to improve things for the poor. I think this is because he used to be poor himself and so wanted to make a better life for others. Overall Wolsey did carry through domestic policies with some success, even if he was trying to fulfil his own objectives.

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay

Agritourism And Rural Development Economics Essay There are several evidences for agritourisms contribution for rural development from various countries. Not only in developed countries, researches in developing countries have also discovered many findings regarding this phenomenon as agritourism has the ability to open up alternative income sources for the farmers as well as for the surrounding community. As it is a people-oriented industry, agritourism can offer many jobs which can help to revive rural economies. Agritourism has different ways and means of assisting rural development and has ability to influence the economic, socio-cultural and environmental enhancement of some societies. 3.3.1 Agritourism and rural development in developed countries There are many significant studies in developed countries related to agritourism and rural development. As per the study of Haghiri and Okech (2011) on role of the agritourism management in developing the economy of rural areas in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, in rural development, agritourism acts as a solution for the problem of poverty by giving economic opportunities for the farmers. They have mentioned that the promotion of tourism and agritourism activities is one way to help develop the economy of rural areas in the province that is facing a series of challenges, such as small internal markets; shifting socio-demographics; lack of sufficient investments; the high rate of out-migration; diseconomies of scale; and the underdeveloped economic infrastructure for the time being. Further, they have identified three alternatives as starting the production of new products; organic fruits and vegetables, specialized livestock products like sheep, goats, fur, emu, r abbits, etc., farm-based food products, such as bread, jams and jellies, and handmade crafts and enhancing the existing tourism products and also developing new markets in Newfoundland and Labrador, other provinces of Canada, and international countries. In Bahamas, agritourism use forward linkages with agriculture and tourism by direct selling of agricultural products and services to the visitors and also backward linkages such as indirect approach using an intermediary to provide products to the tourism sector. These activities improve the income of farmers and finally helping for the rural development (Hepburn, 2008). Schmitt (2010) has done a study on the farming womens agency, coping strategies, visions and wishes against the dynamic changes of the agricultural sector in the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany. While agritourism has become an important permanent livelihood strategy for some farming families, it remains an additional income for others. Either way, it has turned out to be a source of womens growing self-confidence as well as a sustainable ingredient of regional development. (Refer Mortan 2006 See End note) Agritourism in Italy has been able to conduct broad and innovative product range, sophisticated Marketing systems and most importantly, extensive government supports. The Italian system was developed with a clear objective in mind: To halt rural out-migration by keeping farmers on the land (Porcaro, 2009). As per Choo, (2012) agritourism can give farmers an opportunity to generate additional income and to be an avenue for direct marketing of the farm products to consumers. It can also help counteract social and economic problems of the farms and local residents (loss of income, increased expenses, globalization, and others (associated with the decline of traditional agriculture industries). While the financial advantages with respect to employment and wages are clear, agritourism development can also enhance the local quality of life. It can serve as an important source of tax revenues, which may lead to higher public services and lower local tax rates. Agritourism can also support conservation of local culture and traditions, helping to maintain the viability of small-scale agriculture (Choo, 2012). In Turkey it was declared that agritourism is strongly supported as one of the rural development strategies. A number of agritourism enterprises are developing at local level with volunteer initiatives using the desires of local people and local administrations that want to benefit from the facilities of agritourism in Turkey. For example in, Karaburun and Ankara Villages, agritourism services such as accommodation, tasting and buying local foods by the urban people and administration to find extra income for them (Topcu-2007). Also, the BuÄÅ ¸day Associations Ecological Farm Holidays project (Ta-Tu-Ta Project) in Turkey is a cooperative project conducted by volunteer farmers and non-governmental organization targeting to encourage ecological lifestyle. This project stated that farmers benefit from agritourism by producing and selling of organic products to the visitors. Agritourism aids rural economic development by providing alternative use of farmland, increasing revenue of on-farm activities, improving business sustainability, and bringing economic revenue to rural areas both on-site and near the operation. Agritourism also has the potential for informal agricultural education between the owner/operator and the general population which has little to no direct contact with agriculture (Jolly and Reynolds, 2005). A study of Nasers, (2009) in Iowa UAS found that the promotion of agritourism provides a beneficial relationship for local food systems as it helps to enhance the appeal of local foods. In order to challenge and rearrange the modern agri-food system, Local food has become the social movements unifying theme. In contrast, the local food paradigm highlights the importance of food quality and freshness, environmental protection, an individual connection to family and small scale farms, economic multiplier effects which occur when making local purchases and community self-reliance (Ostrom, 2006, p. 66). The demand for fresh produce continues to grow, offering producers the opportunity to increase their profits through direct marketing. Direct marketing provides a link between consumers seeking high-quality produce and producers who are seeking an opportunity to compete in the produce industry (Kuches et al.). In addition to linking the consumer to the producer, direct marketing allows th e producer to bypass the traditional distribution network and earn a greater share of profits (Kuches et al.). As a form of direct marketing, agritourism creates opportunities for the producer to link with their consumer and directly market their products. Moreover, Agritourism is increasing rural vitality and stimulating new economic opportunities through the diversification of farm operations and increased revenue on-site and near the operations in Iowa (Norby and Retallick, 2012). Twe (2010) have reported that agritourism is increasingly being adopted in the United States as it gives a myriad of economic and intrinsic benefits to farmers, visitors and communities, keeps family farms in business and preserving American agricultural heritage, maximizing the productivity of farmland resources through their recreational use, and even improve the economic situation of local communities. Also agritourism is suggested to increase farm revenues and serve other farmer goals (Ollenburg and Buckley, 2007; McGehee and Kim, 2004; Nickerson et al., 2001). Farms that diversify into agritourism are likely to utilize existing resources or other low-input options (Fisher, 2006). Additional economic support for the farm business is especially important in the current time due to increased land values and agricultural input costs (Salamon, 2003; Busby and Rendle, 1999; Ilbery, 1991). Agritourism generally activates as a small family enterprises, so its both socially and economically profitable. Also Agritourism assists to mitigate emigration from remote areas and generate profit by diversifying economy. The cultural exchange of development with urban and rural areas adds quality to their life (Monica Iorio and Andrea Corsale, 2010). According to Gale, (2006) rural tourism enterprises provide novel sources of income for families living in remote areas. 2002, Sharpley (2002) has said that agritourism can offer job opportunities for rural people in local crafts and wine making sectors to provide additional income. Agritourism helps repopulation of rural areas, improvement of the public services, revitalization of local crafts and to increase opportunities for social contacts and exchange. Developing and organizing agritourism requires a significant investment though potential investment is less. (Sharpley, 2002). Agritourism positive educational force stimulates a thirst for knowledge of the outside world, encouraging entrepreneurial activity, providing extra income, generating new forms of employment, creating new patterns of travel or setting up potentially negative demonstration effects, modifying culture and major economic leakages through transnational involvement (Hall, 1998). A study of Beglaryan, (2011) on Development of Agro tourism in Armenia, agritourism provides the opportunity to increase the potential for  higher  margin,  on-farm  sales  and value  added  products  and  services.   Because most Armenian farms are operated by small landowners, there is great o pportunity for customization and uniqueness in agritourism attractions. Theoretically there is a strong relationship between agritourism and rural development. It is believed that agritourism can contribute for the agriculture rural development in several ways (Wicks and Marret 2003; Bruch, 2008). However, to fulfill this condition, several other requirements and conditions are crucial. For example, Danish Food Industry Agency, has paid attention on barriers and structural shortcomings exist before focusing towards the potentials of development of farms which are in need of diversifying the business, and their economic support possibilities. Most importantly, the advices from the consultancy structures of the agricultural associations and from regional and national tourism development bodies and possible networks for green/farm/rural tourism operators are needed in order to gain the full potential of Denmarks rural tourism. (Nielsen,Aae Nissen and Just, 2010). With most agricultural producers in Miami-Dade County experiencing increased pressure by developers to sell their lands, rising operating costs, and stagnant or declining profit margins for most of the major agricultural commodities, agritourism is a possible way to assist with preserving agriculture and open space and contributing to the longer- term economic variability of farm operations. Moreover, while the benefits of agritourism are vital to the individual producers, the benefits go much further with multiplier effects can have major impacts on the local economy (Evans and Hodges, 2006). The literature review indicates that agritourism can provide farm operators and rural communities with many benefits such as: Generating secondary income for farm operators Preserving the visual and cultural rural landscape (Williams and Shaw, 1996; Luloff et al., 1 995; Turner and Davis, 1993); Reducing out migration by providing jobs (Friesen; 1995; Ryan, 1995; Turner and Davis, 1993; Demoi, 1983).; Bringing a transfer of ideas from urban to rural areas (Oppermann, 1996); Providing urban people with an experience of rural living (Lowry, 1996; Reid et al., 1993); Diversifying the rural economy (Lowry, 1996; Ryan, 1995; Maude and van Rest, 1985); Creating eventual market contacts with urban centers (Agricultural Land Commission, 1997; Bowen et al., 1991 ; Demoi, 1983); Making provisions for certain infrastructure (Bowen et al., 1991); and Enhancing the rural identity of communities and emphasizing the importance of agriculture in local areas (Luloff et al., 1995; Ryan, 1995). Therefo re, it is significant that most of the evidences are from developed countries and only a few are from developing countries. Agritourism is accepted by various countries in the world as a rural policy to create rural viability. Agritourism is one of the most diversifying tourism types and the entrepreneurship is highly in need of its success since it plays a major role there. This diversification has converted the agritourism into a strong sector in its rights from being an auxiliary commercial activity (Busby and Rendle 2000; Clarke J. 1998). 3.3.2 Agritourism and rural development in developing countries When agritourism studies of Asia is concerned, only a few can be identified. For example, Utama (2007) has studied on economic, social and environmental benefits the local community enjoys from agritourism and the demand for this industry among tourists in Bali, Indonesia. The aim of the study was to formulate the best strategies to innovate and build up agritourism on Bali. Based on the study, he has found that increase in income of agritourism farmers and job opportunities for local residents, creating networks to strengthen regional or local structures, multiplier effects for small-scale direct investments, diversity increment of economic activities, stimulating physical infrastructure development, increasing the awareness of the importance and value of an area, such as its nature and culture, landscape and the economic potencies and also developing the infrastructure in order to bring about opportunities for other economic development activities. Furthermore, creation of working fields for the local communities through generating related tourism businesses, enhancing the values of the village that contributes for the forms of agricultural product improvements, stimulation of development of other related tourism enterprises such as restaurants, accommodations and handicraft shops, uplifting the social statuses of the local communities in order to reduce poverty, decrease unemployment and also to diminish urbanization though environmental conservation are sustainable tourism development indicators that contributed towards the development of agritourism in Bali. Increasing the arrival of tourists and creating economic incomes are some other contributions that play the key roles of agritourism in applying the sustainable tourism development in Bali. Furthermore, agritourism has contributed lots to the improvement of economy lives of the local communities in the forms of agricultural products sales, various of hand-made souvenirs or handicrafts sold for the tourists, chances to establish food stalls or restaurants and certain types of accommodation such as home-stay, bungalow, villa, and hotel, as well as village development. With respect to economy improvement, the stakeholders predominantly agree that increasing agricultural products are the most contribution generated from agritourism development with mean of 3.97. Moreover, agritourism has contributed toward improvement of social situation. There are three indicators which empower the potency of agritourism development such as poverty alleviation, decreasing the number of unemployment, and declining the urban. The stakeholders mostly agree that the Agritourism enables to alleviate poverties and decrease the unemployment since it provides work opportunities which can help to i mprove the quality of the villagers lives. Not only that, Agritourism has highly played a role in applying sustainable tourism development in Bali. Stakeholders predominantly have agreed that the agritourism development contributes toward nature conservation as one of the important goals of sustainable tourism (sustaining nature, social life, and culture, as well as generating income for the local societies) (Utama, 2007).   In Malaysia, according to the study of Tiraieyari and Hamzah, (2011) on Agritourism: Potential opportunities for farmers and local communities, agritourism has made a vital economic contribution to rural areas and communities though providing local residents with additional sources of income, diversifying the economy and lending prestige to rural life. It enables many to experience a novel form of travel and leisure, to gain new awareness and a positive attitude towards other worlds, towards the environment and towards local people and their culture. According to Said et al (2012) at Kampung Semarang village in Malaysia, agritourism is helped to enhance the agricultural value of the farms and livestock. It is also to promote the village as a new agri-based tourism destination, which would boost the standard of living amongst the farmers and villagers contributing for the local development. Also, Hamzah et.al., (2012) in their study on socio-economic impact potential of agritouris m activities on Desa Wawasan Nelayan community living in Peninsular, Malaysia have concluded that agritourism has the potential of rising the consciousness of the community about sustainable development as agritourism is helping to enhance the social empowerment, strengthen the community, diversify and intensify economic activities, provide job opportunities and alleviate poverty in that community. Agritourism has arisen as an important rural development strategy in Korea. The rural development program named rural theme village in is mainly based on agritourism activities. Seong-woo and Sou-yeon (2006) have studied on this program and found out that agritourism has enabled to rediscovering the values of rural resources that have been disregarded in the modernization procedure of the national economy. And also, it has given insights to both farmers and policymakers to adopt a broader perspective than hither to agricultural product oriented attitude of rural development. In Thailand, Srisomyong (2010) found out that agritourism operators have revaluated and tried to utilize all their resources to be fully of benefit from the growth of tourism. Some activities were rejuvenated or even invented. A main opportunity for agritourism operators appears to be agritourism brings a market to their site of production. It could also suggest that the significance of agritourism is most agritourism operators are local people. Revenue generated from them tends to be in a community, thus there has a small leakage of income. A study in the state of Haryana (India) has discovered that agritourism help to get employment opportunities, put hoarding on roadsides, sustainability for agriculture proper, various sources of income, help farmers to enhance their knowledge. As it is a new enterprise with less competition it is business activity as compared to traditional farming less land with low productivity can give more returns maintain natural resources as nutrient mining is less and soil conservation is good deforestations should be avoided no pollution problems to environment, improve health and it protects local heritage and culture (Shehrawat, 2009). Furthermore, Joshi and Bhujbal, (2012) in Pune in India have discovered that agritourism as an innovative form of rural tourism, in the context of rural market as it can positively influence regional development through generating large scale employment and additional income sources to the skilled and unskilled. Developing tourism in rural areas increases participation of the poor and brings wider benefits for the whole community. Also, it is a sustainable revenue generating product for rural market via inflowing resources from urban to the rural economy. It can prevent migration of rural people to urban by implementing this specialized form of rural tourism in rural market. According to Murangwa (2010) in India, agritourism is recognized as an essential part in the process of sustaining the economies. Agritourism is a key element of social and environmental responsibility of rural tourism which leads to rural diversification of economy in terms of development of infrastructure such as tourism facilities like restaurants and accommodation, water, electricity, roads, telecommunication and health centers as well as creating occupations in order to increase income of the local community As all these informations are taken into consideration, it can be concluded that agritourism is playing an important role in tourism sector and it has able to contribute for rural development in significant level in many contexts. The developing countries should therefore consider agritourism as emerging form of tourism that would undoubtedly lead to rural development as well as complementing other forms of tourism existing in their countries (Murangwa, 2010). Furthermore, in literature review, it was noted that agritourism is in a position to give better results under the favorable conditions especially where appropriate policies and programs are available. Therefore, suitable strategic plans are essential to minimize the negative impacts and optimize the positive impacts and to reach sustainable development in future. 3. 4. Chapter Summary Rural development is one of the main targets of many countries. Agriculture had been played a significant role in the rural development in the past. However, due to several reasons such as open economic policies and globalization and liberalization of agricultural trade, now agriculture sector of several countries have gone down. Moreover, lots of other problems like high cost of production, low productivity, lack of modern technology, marketing problems are also in the sector. Owing to this situation for a certain period of time, rural development was expected through modernization approach paying emphasis on rural industries. By now, it has failed and a latest rural development is again pay attention highly on agricultural development in a sustainable way. In this background, the main challenges are to find ways and means of save the agriculture sector and get the contribution of it for the rural development as agriculture is the main resource available in rural areas. Many studies have identified agritourism as an important alternative in this regard due to its special characters to rejuiniail the agriculture sector and the rural development. Therefore, research on agritourism and rural development will be important for Sri Lanka as it is an agricultural country.

Explain How And Why The Jews W :: essays research papers

Explain how and why the Jews were persecuted in Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Explain why it was so difficult to stop the persecution of the Jews. Between the years 1920 and 1930, many stereotypes of Jews developed in Europe. All Jews were seen as large nosed, wealthy, obese, dirty, ugly, smelly, dishonest, greedy, and deceitful people. They were also seen as drunk, perverted, and seducing people. In fact any bad point you can say about anybody, they were classed to be. â€Å"The only thing that Jews could understand was the whip.† There was a lot of propaganda in Der Sturmer, a German magazine/ newspaper about the Jews. A good example of that is a cartoon of a stereotypical Jew hugging what could be taken for a young Aryan woman. There is a bottle of alcohol on the floor. This shows the Jew to be a perverted, alcoholic user. Looking at the propaganda on the Jews, all of the visual pictures of the Jews had elderly people on them instead of young Jews. They used old people because it is easier to make an older person look uglier than she/he actually is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ideas for these stereotypes originally formed when the Romans became Christians. These Christians were against those who remained â€Å"traditional Jews†. They tried to turn people against Judaism. The Christian stereotype of a Jew was a dishonest, scheming character, responsible for lots of evil things. During the Medieval period, myths developed, enhancing the general appearance of the stereotypes that had previously been formed. The Blood Libel was a myth that stated that Jews used Christian children’s blood to bake their Passover bread. This idea was often aroused when a Christian child went missing. The Black Death was supposed to have been caused by Jewish people poisoning the rivers and seas. This could not have happened, because otherwise it would also have affected the Jews themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Life was very normal before the Nazis came to power,† says a woman who was a Jewish girl born in 1921. Jewish children could go to a Yiddish speaking schools. There was little conflict between the two religions and 13 million Jews lived in Europe. In Germany, Jews formed 1% of the population. They had a sense of belonging to the German race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After World War I, Germany was forced to sign, the Treaty of Versailles, which meant that she, was plunged into a desperate situation.

Language, Identity and Acceptance in Wright’s Autobiography, Black Boy :: Wright Black Boy Essays

Language, Identity and Acceptance in Wright’s Autobiography, Black Boy African American writer James Baldwin said that, â€Å" Language is the most vivid and crucial key to identity: It reveals the private, and connects, or divorces one from the larger public or communal identity.† The stories in Black Boy are original and captivating. It identifies Richard Wright as a writer and a person of incredible substance. The language identifies the books time frame and era. And most importantly shows Richard’s journey through social and personal acceptance. Writing this book the language used was important to Wright. It gave him the power to convey his life story to the reader. Without it his stories could have never been published and his popularity amongst readers would be nonexistent. This book is based on a factual claim. It might be biased because we read only his side of the story. It might also include a bit of fiction but his command of the words and the imagery speaks otherwise. Richard Wright infuses the book with personal stories from his experiences in life. We as the reader might find some of the stories in the book hard to believe but his use of evidence and historical facts lead the reader to deem that this book is in fact the life of Richard Wright. His use of words and his grasp of the English language allows the reader to identify with his victories and his defeats. Using the pathos appeal Wright enables the reader to be part of the story of his life. â€Å" I would hurl words into the darkness for an echo, and if an echo sounded, no matter how faintly, I would send other words to tell, to march, to fight, to create a sense of hunger of life that gnaws in us all, to keep alive in our hearts a sense of the inexpressibly human. Language also identifies the books era. Reading the book one can tell that it was a time of hostility between races. The term â€Å" white man† comes up many times. It is as if Wright is reluctant to use he names of particular people even when he does know them. â€Å" White man† obtain a singular feeling from the reader. Even though most of the time there is usually more than one man he refers to them as the white man. The blacks on the other hand are â€Å"us† or â€Å"ours† .

Dishonor in Antigone and Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay -- Greek

The belief and concept of dishonor in the Greek and Colombian culture of ‘Antigone,’ by Sophocles, and ‘Chronicle of a Death Foretold,’ by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, is a deciding aspect that blinds characters moral values. It is evident that in both societies Greek and Colombian, a family or an individual without honor is an outcast to the community. As honor plays a drastic role in outlining the culture of the society. Therefore the belief that a perpetrator has brought dishonor upon the family, or community foreshadows punishment for the individual, often conveyed through death. Sophocles provides a setting in his play, Antigone, where the honor code of rules and principles that govern the Greek community, are based upon Creon’s patriarchy of immoral natural law. Where the worst death is a ‘clouded’ (97) one whose foggy setting brings dishonor upon the individual, and his family. Polynecies is an example; Sophocles uses to highlight the significance of a burial, in the Greek society. Polynecies is a victim of Creon's code of honor, which through grotesque diction, Sophocles describes his body as being immorally exposed the â€Å"vultures† left â€Å"unwept and unburied’ (29) after miserably fighting turning against his brother in a battle for Thebes, in which he turned against him. Causing him to ’[die] outside the law’ (59) bringing great dishonor to the corpse as it is with a lack of respect, left unburied due to tyranny, but also damns it for all time and dishonors his family. Creon’s laws are flaw, harsh and immoral, they take on the ‘gods who live forever’ (788), up to the point were his actions ‘seize [his] good mind,’ (791) and deprive him of moral thought. Creon’s restrictive democracy motivates Polynecie’s sister Antigone, who... ...reshadow a death through the blinding process of moral values and actions taken by an individual that has, or whose family has been dishonored and wishes to regain their dignity. Sophocles in Antigone portrays the theme of dishonor through the cultural value of burial in the Greek society; Gabriel Garcia Marquez on the other hand, condemns the legate of marriage to honor in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Both cultural norms manage in context to inflict with the character’s family honor, which leads them into taking immoral and ruthless actions that lead to the innocent death of Antigone and Santiago Nasser, both innocent individuals. Works Cited Garcà ­a, Mà ¡rquez Gabriel, and Gregory Rabassa. Chronicle of a Death Foretold: A Novel. New York: Vintage International, 2003. Print Sophocles, and Paul Woodruff. Antigone. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2001. Print

The Name “Trifles” and Its Significance

The name Trifles and its significance John Wright was murdered in his bedroom; someone had took a rope and put it around his neck and strangled him. All the men, the sheriff, the country attorney, and the neighbor, thought his wife was the one killed him. This play is based on events that happened in the early 20th century. Susan Glaspell, the writer, uses the word trifles appropriately when naming this play, and she uses this play to establish that women were taken for granted.First, you can see the meaning of the word â€Å"trifles† and the reasons behind why it is an appropriate title. You can first start to figure out the word’s meaning shortly after the play begins. Mrs. Peters tells the men that Mrs. Wright is worried about her fruit jars breaking during the cold winter night. Mr. Peters, who is the sheriff, responses with, â€Å"Well, you can beat the woman! Held for murder and worryin’ about her preserves† (1369). Mr. Hale states, â€Å" Well, wom en are used to worrying over trifles† (1369). Mr. Hale and Mr.Peters refer to Mrs. Wright worrying about the fruit preserves as something of little importance compared to being held for murder. The County Attorney, George Henderson, judges Mrs. Wright of being a poor housekeeper when he tells everyone else, â€Å"Not much of a housekeeper, would you say ladies? † (1369). He is criticizing Mrs. Wright instead of thinking about how this small detail can help solve the investigation. The kitchen is considered to be a woman’s domain, so the men look everywhere else but there and the living room.The wives notice the quilt; Mrs. Hales mentions to Mrs. Peters,† †¦look at this sewing! All the rest of it has been so nice and even, And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn’t know what she was about† (1371). The women worry over the small things around the house; the women are able to figure out the motive of why Mrs. Wright killed her husband, because of all the small, simple details they discovered. Trifles is an appropriate title, because it is the little things that are very sufficient.Finally, Susan Glaspell, the writer, uses the title to express her theme. This play was written in the early 20th century in a man dominated society. Women did not have a say when it came to important decisions. When Mr. Hale is telling the sheriff and the county attorney why he had stopped by that morning he states, â€Å"†¦I said to Harry that I didn’t know as what his wife wanted made much difference to John† (1367). Men made all the decisions and women were to be seen and not heard. Mrs. Hale found the bird in a box that was hidden in Mrs. Wright’s quilting basket.When they opened the box and found the bird, they noticed the bird’s neck was wrung. Mrs. Hale tells Mrs. Peters, â€Å" I wonder how it would seem never to have had children around. No, Wright wouldn’ t like the bird- a thing that sand. She used to sing. He killed that, too† (1373). Mrs. Hale came to the conclusion that Mr. Wright was abusive to his wife and that’s why she changed; this is the reason why she killed him. The county attorney tells Mrs. Peters, â€Å"For the matter a sheriff’s wife is married to the law. Every think of it that way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (! 374). Mrs.Hale protects Mrs. Wright by taking the pretty box with the pretty bird inside. Mrs. Hale knows the difference between the law and justice. She gave justice to Mrs. Wright when no one else was going to. The title Trifles is an appropriate name for this play, because it’s the small, simple details that are the evidence for solving this murder. Susan Glaspell uses this play to show how women were treated in the early 20th century, and how the husbands took their wives for granted. She wanted justice for the women, and she makes an incredible argument in this play.

Forbidding Mourning’ by John Donne Essay

The principal theme of the poem is that lovers remain united even when they are physically separated. Donne proves his idea by argument, conceits, passion, and thought. It is believed that Donne left for France in 1611. He gave this poem to his wife at the time of his departure. The poet advises his wife not to mourn the temporary separation, because their love remains intact despite their parting. Parting brings their souls even closer. The biographical details of the poet, however, are not essential to the appreciation of the poem. The poet has universalized a personal experience. The poem is a remarkable illustration of intellectualization of passion and has Donne’s famous conceit of compass towards the end. The poem quietly begins with a metaphysical conceit. Virtuous people are not afraid of death. They visualize the life beyond death. So they pass away quietly. To the Elizabethans, separation is the death of the lovers. The poet believes and convinces his wife that separation strengthens love. Otherwise, separation is unimportant, even impossible. Even parting lovers don’t part. And separation is the expansion of their love. The poet asks his beloved to part quietly without creating a scene : So let us melt, and make no noise. The word ‘melt’ has many meanings. It implies ‘separation’, ‘death’, ‘tenderness’, etc. Let there be no floods of tears and no tempests of sighs, so characteristic of the Elizabethan lovers. It would be vulgarization of their love. Love is a mystery to the world, but not to the lovers. Let this mystery not be revealed to the world. Then the poet contrasts the physical love and spiritual love. The ordinary lovers are earthly, but spiritual lovers are divine. An earthquake causes great damage. People calculate the damage and the threat. On the other hand, the movement of heavenly bodies, though much greater, is harmless. The poet wants that his wife should let him part quietly. The earthly lovers cannot separate from the beloved, because their love or lust is tied to the limbs of the lady. They cannot afford to be away from those lips, eyes, and hands. The love between the poet and his beloved is spiritual and springs from mutual faith and understanding. It is mutual mental assurance. Theirs is the union of the minds and souls. The lovers unite into a single being, sharing a single soul. Their unity is not damaged by physical separation. The greater the distance, the stronger the soul. Separation is no breach, no break. Their love is precious like gold. It is expansive. Gold beaten thin covers an unexpectedly vast area. So their love will not break because of separation, but becomes rare and refined : Our two souls, therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat. The phrase ‘airy thinness’ has divine associations. It suggests angels in the air and the angelic or divine love between the lovers. If the lovers do not share a common soul, Donne argues that their individual souls are joined together at the top, like the legs of a compass. Perhaps no other image is used so often to illustrate metaphysical poetry and metaphysical conceit. The beloved who stays at home is like the fixed foot, fixed at the centre. It is fixed. It does not seem to move, but it does when the other foot moves. It leans and follows the roving (moving) foot. The roving foot, i. e. the lover, having completed the circle, returns to the centre and is reunited with the fixed foot. Donne believes in the love that has faith and firmness of the beloved which helps the lover to complete his circle (or journey) accurately. Eventually, he returns home to his beloved. They are face to face with each other. She is the focus of his life, the beginning and the end of his journey, and of all he wants : Thy firmness draws my circle just, And makes me end, where I begun. Donne’s use of conceit here and elsewhere is not ornamental but functional. It convinces, persuades, amplifies, and illustrates. Coleridge admires ‘A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’. The poem is quiet triumph of the marital romance. It shows a remarkable restraint using a simple poetic form. The poem is even more meaningful today when the marital understanding it celebrates is fast vanishing. A great poet like Donne can produce good poetry out of a geometry box. ‘A Valediction : Forbidding Mourning’ is passionate logic turned poetry.

Corruption of Culture Essay

In Yukio Mishima’s â€Å"Swaddling Clothes† we see a great deal of symbolism portraying the corruption of the Japanese culture. The times are changing and with that change, culture is adapting to it. Some of the Japanese feel threatened and that the changes that are being made are corrupting their moral values. The story is told through Toshiko, a lonely and seemingly oppressed wife and mother. She shows how this corruption is leading to decay. The story depicts the corruption of Japanese culture by western modernization. Japanese culture is becoming more westernized, â€Å"unhomely with its Western-style furniture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (366). The air of the room being unhomely because some Japanese thought that Western-style was corrupt. Toshiko’s husband is accepting these changes, â€Å"sitting there in his American-style suit, puffing at a cigarette† (366). The city they live in is changing as well, â€Å"dotted with bars and then by a theatre† (368). The park that Toshiko visits had also changed, â€Å"The paper lanterns that hung from wires between the trees had been put out; in their place electric light bulbs†¦that shone dully beneath the blossoms† (369). The word dully being used to show that western-style is dull and dreary. Violence is one of the concepts Toshiko relates to western culture. Toshiko believes western style is violent, â€Å"his frail body was wrapped in bloodstained newspapers† (367), showing the degradation of moral values in this westernized society. When Toshiko’s husband is sitting there talking with his friends he jokes about the incident and stating â€Å"I rescued our good rug†¦ (367), this showing that his mind is corrupt with the western culture because he did not care about the well being of the nurse and the blood did not faze him. The baby is a symbol of the violence in the western culture as well. The way the baby was born was out of wedlock, â€Å"Even if that baby should grow up in ignorance of the secret of his birth, he can never become a respectable citizen† (368). Toshiko worries that the baby â€Å"who has been sinned against† (368) may come in contact with her son one day and, â€Å"savagely stab him with a knife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (368). All because the baby was born out  of wedlock, due to Western mod ernization, Toshiko thinks of him as violent and evil. Western culture is not only seen as violent but as polluted as well. Western-style is also polluting their society. While walking in the park Toshiko notices that the people â€Å"would automatically kick aside the empty bottles or crush the waste paper beneath their feet† (369). Waste pollution not only being the kind of pollution polluting their society but moral pollution as well. Toshiko sees a homeless man and wonders â€Å"was it one of those miserable drunks often to be seen sleeping in public places?† (369). The homeless man in the park is a symbol of the baby that will grow up to be in crime and poverty, though what is most significant is the way that he is dressed, â€Å"his khaki trousers had been slightly pulled up† (370), this showing that he is westernized just like Toshiko’s husband. Toshiko is saddened by this westernized lifestyle. This story shows through many elements the degradation of moral values in the modern westernized changes that are taking place. Through the moral changes, the violence of the western culture, and the pollution we have seen that Toshiko believes that her society is corrupt. There are many symbols showing these changes; through the baby, Toshiko’s husband, and through the homeless. She continually contemplates the loss of their moral values and is saddened. Ultimately this story is trying to depict the corruption of Japanese culture by western modernization.