World Reaction to European Expansion between 1700 and 1900

In the 18th century, there was an increased urge in Europe to venture abroad, to discover, explore lands that as yet remained unknown. Part of the need to go beyond the boundaries of Europe was rooted in the industrial revolution that had begun to take place at the time. Machines such as the steam engine were being built and this greatly facilitated transportation. There was also improved ocean going vessels which facilitated for the European explorers venturing further away from home.The creation of cotton mills meant that European nations had to look abroad more extensively so as to expand markets. The Industrial revolution and the response of the world In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europe was the world power to reckon with. The industrial revolution started in Great Britain and it was facilitated by several factors. One is that Britain had large deposits of coal and adequate supply of water that was needed to run the machines such as steam engines. Britain also had the plus of d eposits of iron ore that was needed to make this machinery and tools.She had an internal water system that facilitated the transportation of people and goods as well as a good ports and harbors that facilitated international trade. To cap it all up, she had a sound banking system which meant that projects could be financed and an established government that provided the foundation for a thriving business environment (Brown, 1991). There were several and diverse implications for industrialization and the European expansion, which, predates even the industrial revolution (Ringrose, 1998).The revolution was just a means to hasten European occupation of distant lands abroad. Even in the earlier centuries, Britain had made frays into Asia as she sought trade routes that would enable her to access the abundant riches of China’s silk. The Spaniards were at the same time trying to find their way into Latin America where they expediently eliminated the native Indians and replaced them with African slaves. This was Europe’s story, replicated by the French, Dutch and Portuguese in different parts of the world. For Africa, India and Australia, the European expansion meant colonization.While in earlier times European nations had had only a singular interest in Africa, that of being a ready source of slaves who were at the time considered a price commodity, industrialization brought a change because Africa was now seen as a source for raw materials needed in European factories as well as a ready market for the finished products. The Berlin conference of 1814 saw to the scramble and partition of Africa among European colonial powers with the largest shares going to the strongest, then Great Britain (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Not only was Europe seen as the world’s centre for trade and commerce, but it was also perceived to be the intellectual headquarters of the civilized world. From the mid 18th century when the age of enlightenment had truly began to ta ke hold, there were physical as well as intellectual and moral revolutions going on concurrently. Philosophers and other great thinkers in all fields called for the denunciation of tenets that preciously had been taken for granted and without question, as they said that reason has to reign supreme.Institutions that had once upon a time been regarded as being beyond reproach such as the church and the nobility were all subjected to intense scrutiny that at times found them wanting. Here is where the seeds of activism first germinated. From this would later arise the spirits of capitalism, feminism, civil rights movements and calls to nationalism in which the whole world would follow suite (Brown, 1991). However there were negative ramifications from the European invasion that was so all-encompassing.The most obvious is that there was the creation of a class where the Europeans were cast in the light of being superior to the natives. The natives themselves had to be subdued and shown their rightful place. This often resulted in the native’s loss of freedom and inhumane treatments against him. The natives were often cast out of their own lands if the Europeans were interested in the natural resources that abounded there. The natives were then pushed into restricted marginalized areas where their movements could be monitored. They became prisoners within their own homelands (Ringrose, 1998).Another negative impact was the abolishment of existing political and legal systems that had been established by the natives to be replaced by the Europeans own which they felt was superior and hence much better. There was the intent destruction of cultural practices that had been in place for centuries because the Europeans had found them to be barbaric or uncivilized (Eltis, 1987). European expansion resulted in the colonization of several countries of the world that lasted for over a century or more, in some regions of the world (Aldcroft & Rodger, 1984).Of course the industrial revolution brought about better standards of living for all, but the way in which European nations tried to assert their influence by taking forceful control of the geographical regions of the world from which they felt they would most benefits with impunity, was more barbaric than the hedonistic tribal practices that they condemned so strongly. It is only because the European nations were much stronger than those they sought to conquer that they were able to get away with the actions that they carried out in the 19th century periods.However, just because they got away with it does not mean they do not deserve to be chastised for planting the seeds of economic and racial inequality whose ghosts still haunt our world to date. Conclusion There was an unprecedented rate of change that took place in the two hundred year span between the 18th and 20th centuries that had never before been seen in history. This change took on all the aspects of people’s lifestyles; from how they produced their food, how they got their work done, how they travelled and even how they perceived the world. Though this change had its roots in Europe, its impact was felt throughout the world.From the colonized states of Africa, Asia and Australia, to the great American shores, the influence of European nations was pervasive. Europe as a continent was a fore runner in shaping how the rest of the world would do its commerce, conduct their governments and affairs of state and even to some extent their religious inclinations. The shift in world powers might have placed control in different hands but the impact that Europe had in its heday, is one that is still being felt and seen, and will continue to be felt and seen for many generations yet.Cited works David Eltis, Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade Oxford University Press US, 1987 David R. Ringrose, Spain, Europe, and the â€Å"Spanish miracle†, 1700-1900, Cambridge University Press, 19 98 Derek Howard Aldcroft & Richard Rodger, Bibliography of European economic and social history, Manchester University Press ND, 1984 Richard Brown, Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850 Routledge, New York 1991

Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Essay

Human intelligence involves many skills such as problem solving, decision making, learning understanding and reflex actions. Many experts in AI have dreamt of creating machines that can imitate our human intelligence. This has led to many possibilities; however, the field of AI has to be understood from both sides of the coin. On the one hand, artificial intelligence has allowed the design of applications that can explore every part of the world that the human cannot visit. For example, in the field of space exploration, artificial intelligence’s machines explore universe parts that are totally hostile to human beings. Intelligent robots are programmed to excavation mining of fuel. These machines can also measure the depth of the oceans. Some of these sophisticated machines have replaced human beings in many fields that require manpower, time and money. Often, these tasks are harmful to humans and therefore programmed robots save people’s health in a big way. On the other hand, the establishment of ethics, moral values and standards is difficult when humans are dominated by machines. Any amount of automation cannot create intelligence; it is only a human feature. No machine can show dedication or emotion s at work and we as human beings cannot live in a world that is only surrounded by machines. For example, in hospitality industry, robots cannot replace the care or concern shown by the hospital staff. Therefore, beyond a point, the capabilities of lateral thinking can probably get delayed if the daily tasks are just made for power cycle machines. Thanks to artificial intelligence, it is possible that a machine can develop areas of knowledge very specific and complicated; making the machine can simulate processes which man performs. But we can highlight that it is not achieved yet a machine that can thing like a human. Indeed, this limitation is the fact that human beings are irreplaceable because human beings have an  own feature: common sense.

“Champion of the World” by Maya Angelou Essay

Maya Angelou is the author of thirty best-selling books. In a famous autobiography she wrote a novel titled I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In this story she composes a chapter remembering her childhood called â€Å"Champion of the World.† This chapter is a memoir during the late 1930’s when Joe Louis became an African American hero by defending his heavyweight title against a white contender in a boxing match. Throughout â€Å"Champion of the World† Maya Angelou uses language, rhythm, and actions of character to create suspense, tension, and anticipation for the reader. First, Maya Angelou implies a strong rhythm to the story. The reader can easily recognize when suspense is occurring because the sentences become shorter. For example, when Angelou and her family thought the Joe Louis was about to lose the sentences were about three to four words long. â€Å"My race groaned. It was our people falling.† â€Å"We didn’t breathe. We didn’t hope. We waited.† The choppiness of these sentences grew very dramatic. Though, as things were getting better for the African American boxer, the sentences grew longer; â€Å"There were a few sounds from the audience, but they seemed to be holding themselves in against tremendous pressure.† When the sentences lengthened, the suspense diminished. Despite the volume of sentences throughout the story, Maya Angelou also uses ellipses to form rhythm. Ellipses were used a few times in the story, but it is greatly emphasized at the end of the match. â€Å"Here’s the referee. He†™s counting. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven†¦ Is the contender trying to get up again?† â€Å"Let’s get the microphone over to the referee†¦ Here he is. He’s got the Brown Bomber’s hand, he’s holding it up†¦ Here he is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The winnah, and still heavyweight champeen of the world†¦ Joe Louis.† All of these sentences are building up tension to keep reading because the reader can feel the anticipation of the ending. Furthermore, the language in this piece is unusual. The author uses the words â€Å"rape, whip, lynching, clutched, maimed and penetrate† as if the story was about a rape. Ultimately, using these words helped illustrate the meaning of winning this battle and defeating Joe Louis’s opponent with no mercy. It was not only for the boxer but for the people too. Maya Angelou introduces racial comments as well. â€Å"White boy† and â€Å"cracker† were used in  the story. This language helped correlate with the black versus white aspect. In this time period, blacks and whites were very segregated. The reader can easily discover the unequal disparity between blacks and whites through the language, especially when Joe Louis wins and all his African American fans felt just as equal in the world as white people. â€Å"If Joe lost we were back in slavery and beyond help. It would all be true, the accusations that we were lower types of human beings.† Winning t his battle was not just for the title when it came to Joe Louis and his black community; it was for their pride. Lastly, the author uses the setting and the actions of the characters to recognize the importance of the fight in â€Å"Champion of the World.† They watched the match in Maya Angelou’s Uncle Willie’s store. Angelou gives a clear image in the reader’s head of how crowded the story was of family and friends. The radio was turned up to the last notch so that the children sitting on the porch outside could hear. The women sat on chairs, stools, and wooden boxes, men had to lean on shelves or on each other, while babies were perched up on every lap possible. Maya Angelou stresses the family rule of quietness during the fight. No one was aloud to use the cash register to ring up customers because it was simply too noisy and it might â€Å"shake up the atmosphere.† So when the unusual customer dragged along Maya or her brother would lay the coins down on the cash register instead.

Planning and Goal Setting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Planning and Goal Setting - Research Paper Example I have suggested these improvements to provide the customers with a clearer perception of what our business is about. In addition to that, the revised vision statement clearly mentions the aspirations and goals of the Moonlight Bakers that are required to be known by the company’s leader to make advancements for their achievement. Besides, development of a powerful vision statement is fundamental to the strategic planning and attainment of competitive advantage for the Moonlight Bakers. I would do some literature review to note down the benefits of making a business plan as well as to collect information about companies that attempted to started new businesses in the past but failed because of lack of a business plan. I would say to the CEO, â€Å"Sir, it is in the air that you are about to take over a new business. If that is the case, may we please have the opportunity to make a business plan for you? It is very useful while starting a new business in the contemporary age. I have done the literature review and these are some files I would like to share with you.† The rationale behind my soft words is that I don’t want to offend him that we know his plans even though he has not shared them with us. Secondly, I have tried to convince him with proofs of benefits of using a business plan in such situations. In the contemporary world that is changing at a fast pace, leadership with vision or visionary leadership is required for the organizations to thrive and stay competitive (Kantabutra and Avery, 2010, p. 37). Making vision statement is a preliminary step in the development of such leadership since the goals of the leader are aligned with and retrieved from the ones mentioned in the vision statement. Development of the vision statement is one of the vision driven strategies employed by organizations to succeed. â€Å"[O]rganizations which utilize effective Business plans maximize the

Selection of US Supreme Court Justices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Selection of US Supreme Court Justices - Essay Example Constitution Article 3 Section 1") The US Supreme Court Justice System is on par in terms of power and influence as the President and the Senate. The US Supreme Court is mandated to uphold the Constitution in any issue. It is to determine the constitutionality of a ruling rather than the determination of innocence or guilt, or the legality of an issue. It is thus of extreme importance that a Supreme court judge be thoroughly cognizant of the US Constitution and to be able to set aside ideologies whether social, political or cultural. Special interest groups should have no hand in influencing the selection process. (Salvato, 2005) The first nine Supreme Court Justices were named in 1789, but it was not until 1816 that the Senate authorized the formation of the Committee on the Judiciary for the explicit purpose of considering and confirming (or rejecting) the nomination of an associate or chief justice for the Supreme Court. It was only at this time that some sort of check and balance was deemed necessary because of t he lack of specificity of the terms of the Constitution regarding the selection of justices. It gave the president too much leeway in selecting a nominee and left the confirmation of such an important post to the whims of a directionless Senate, who is supposed to "advice and consent". Note that deliberate and investigate is not included in this definition of the Senate's role in the justice selection. However, wise heads determined in 1816 that even if it was not subscribed in the Constitution, it should be established to confirm the legitimacy of the appointment. The system worked quite well but in 1987 the proceedings became quite contentious enough to arouse public interest. It was in the nomination of Robert Bork and the Roe v. Wade case that the Senate hearings became a matter of public debate. However, no other case has attained this level of public notice with regard to Supreme Court Justice selections since and between 1994 and 2005 was quiet because it was time that the nine members of the Supreme Court remained constant. This ended with the retirement of Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in July of 2005 and the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist in September of that same year. President Bush found himself in a position compelled to name successors to the two vacancies. President Bush complied by naming John Roberts and first Harriet Miers and then Samuel Alito to fill the positions. (Dorsen, 2006) This sparked renewed interest in the process of selecting and confirming justices to the Supreme Court. This paper seeks to provide an overview of this process as well as the political aspects that has influenced the process in recent years. A brief description of the nominations of Roberts, Miers and Alito will serve as case studies to illustrate the current procedures and p ractices. The Process and the Politics Federal judges are assured of their positions for life or until resignation "during good behavior" as mandated by Article II of the US Constitution. This is to ensure that confirmed judges are free to rule on

Mineral and Water Function Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mineral and Water Function - Essay Example Water also carries oxygen and important nutrients to cells (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2014). Water is the most important component of the cells in our bodies, and there is no way that it can be replaced totally, or Nature would have offered a better solution of water replacement than sodas and other drinks. However, this is the case with normal people, who want to stay hydrated. In case of athletes, dehydration can best be prevented with a sports drink. This is because after doing exercise or a sport, the blood flow in the athletes’ systems increases, generating heat, which is carried to the skin, where sweat is produced. If plain water is taken in, the absence of sodium will dilute the sodium concentration in the body cells, and the brain will also get the message that the thirst is over. The athlete will stop drinking, but the sodium loss is not compensated. However, sports drinks contain sodium (a mineral) and other electrolytes that the body loses with extreme sweat. Hence, sports drinks are beneficial for athletes, but common people should not ignore the importance of water to stay hydrated. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2014). Functions of water in the body. Nutrition and Healthy Eating. Retrieved April 30, 2014, from

Huge selling concentration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Huge selling concentration - Essay Example Consequently it gives competitive advantage to the exporter while entering into a new geographical market and that advantage further consolidates while there are alliances with local distributors and sellers. The local alliances will help in understanding and acquiring skills that are necessary for existence in new geographical market. After alliances the strategy plays key role in making the foray into new geographical market a success. Next aspect that needs discussion in this paper is the production unit that needs to be set up in the new geographical area and selling it. The difference between the former context and the later is that the manufacturer should have much closer relations with the distributors and can have price advantage while marketing as the product is manufactured locally. However, the considerations may alter when the manufacturing a product in a geographical area is a costly process than the making of it in the origin of the company. 1 In the present era, the distribution plan is a time taking plan that involves different delivery systems and multiple logistical channel options. Online inventory tracking is one of the logistical channels and automated fulfillment adds to it. ... Online inventory tracking is one of the logistical channels and automated fulfillment adds to it. The faster transportation despite the online inventory process and automated fulfillment changes the face of distribution and provides an advantage over the competitors. The online inventory helps the marketing manager to furnish the required goods to the marketing channels as well as providing information for the production department so that they can plan production according to marketing needs. However, the distribution options differ with consumer package products, business to business/industrial manufacturing or service industries. When the distribution option varies, marketing manager should observe the change in role of distribution. Hence, the distribution options change from product to product. In case of consumer package product, the distribution role is complex as it depends on retailer. Normally, in the era of competition, manufacturers are planning the marketing strategy, so that they can give the product at the customer's doorstep. This involves three types of distribution options. The first and conventional one is producer-wholesaler-retailer-customer. The second one is producer-retailer-customer. The third and the latest option is producer to consumer. In the first context, the transportation and logistical problems are minimized for the producer but the results depend on the efficiency of the wholesalers and retailers between producer and customer. In the second one, as the wholesaler has been removed from the network, the retailer acts as both wholesaler and retailer due to presence of retail chains over a large geographical area. In

Uncanny architecture---signifier of Victorian architecture Annotated Bibliography

Uncanny architecture---signifier of Victorian architecture - Annotated Bibliography Example Crinson also builds on his argument by offering an explanation on what the buildings represent in terms of architectural styles. He further explains that the architects made the styles absurdly incongruous. The architecture was a representation of what was happing during the time of construction. This kind of architecture is vividly applied on almost all the buildings that are dated the Victorian age. The buildings have a variety of readable meaning attributed to the architectural style, monuments, and convictions. They depict the cultural and religious aspect of the Victorian age (Crinson 5). He also notes that the architectural style, monuments and convictions, have over the years been transformed due to the continued interaction with different culture and modern architectural style from different parts of the world. Crinson does a review if the significant aspects that define the Victorian architecture noting that windows, door frames and roofing were significant aspects of the ar chitecture. He noted arched windows panels; double doors and brick roofing tiles were very significant in the Victorian architecture. Crinson provides validity to his arguments by providing evidence to support his claims. Citing an example, he gives sufficient evidence to support his claim by showing the cultural exchanges that influenced the Victorian architecture. He provides evidence through an objective overview rather than a narration of personal sentiments. The book is relevant to my study in that it addresses the qualities of the Victorian age architecture in specific the key elements that distinguish the Victorian architecture style from other architectural styles. In addition, the book provides targeted agendas on the thematic issues such as political agendas, religious, and racial aspects. The book’s targeted audience is any individual who is interested in learning about how the Western architecture has changed over time and

Iodine 131 properties and usages in Brachytherapy Essay

Iodine 131 properties and usages in Brachytherapy - Essay Example In the testing of the thyroid gland and its functioning, iodine absorption by the cells makes use of iodine 131. Iodine 131 has certain chemical properties. It is a non-metallic, purplish-black crystalline solid. In a process known as sublimation, it can change its state from a solid to a gas directly, without changing into the liquid state. At room temperature it sublimes into a deep violet vapour which irritates the eyes, nose and throat. Iodine 131 dissolves in water or alcohol fairly easily and melts at 236F. Since it does not remain in its pure state when released, it is generally found as a compound because of its capacity to bind with other elements. In medical treatment, Iodine 131 capsules contain I-131 sodium iodide granules specially produced to be easily swallowed by the patient. The liquid form of Iodine 131 is a clear liquid and is used to diagnose and treat thyroid problems. When a person is exposed externally to large quantities of iodine 131 it can cause burning of the eyes and skin. Internally, the thyroid gland is affected. This gland utilizes iodine to produce thyroid hormones but is unable to differentiate between radioactive iodine and the more stable iodine. Precautions must be taken when using Iodine 131 as there are harmful effect of gamma radiation, the maximum energy being 0.723 MeV (Bentel p.537). Iodine 131 is administered orally in doses of >100 mCi for thyroid malignancy. Lower doses of 1 to 3 mCi are given for diagnostic reasons. The exposure rate constant for iodine 131 = 2.2 (R/mCi-hr at 1 cm). Also known as Gamma Factor, exposure rate constant is the exposure rate at a certain distance from a quantity of photon-emitting radionuclide. This constant is commonly used for radiation protection reasons. The following equation calculates the exposure time t at a distance r from the patient. D(t) = (34.6 Q0 Tp (1 - e -0.693t/Tp )) / r2. Here D(t) is the accumulated exposure at time t (in roentgens). 34.6 is the conversion factor of 24hours / day times the total integration of decay (1.44). is the specific gamma ray constant for a point source, R/mCi-hr at 1cm. Q0 is the initial activity in millicuries of the point source at release time. Tp is the half-life in days. r is the distance from the point source to the subject in centimetres and 't' is the exposure time in days. In the environment, radioactive fallout can cause high concentrations of Iodine 131 which may be absorbed by the body and harm the thyroid gland. To counter the harmful absorption of radioactive iodine, the intake of higher doses of iodine supplements raises the overall quantity of iodine in the body which does not necessitate the absorption and retention in body tissues thereby lessening the assimilation of radioactive iodine. One historical use of iodine supplements was after the Chernobyl disaster where enormous quantities of radioactive material was released. Iodine supplements protected the population in the vicinity of the disaster from absorbing radioactive iodine. It has been found that with exposure to iodine 131, the risk of thyroid cancer increases but even among those exposed to iodine 131, not many develop thyroid cancer. The highest exposure people received was during the nuclear test explosions in the 1940's. Although iodine 131 settled on leafy vegetables and fruits, people received

MICS - option 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MICS - option 1 - Assignment Example Earlier on, firms used to outsource IT functions on a limited basis. Currently, most companies outsource their IT functions for the entire department. This has been used in delivering the IT functionality. Whilst there exist a considerable body of knowledge regarding IT outsourcing, the research on reasons why businesses outsource their IT functions is still limited. Therefore, this paper source to determine the reasons why organizations outsource the IT functions (Peslak 2012, p. 14). The process of outsourcing is underpinned by basic premise of whether an organization must pay or make the service. The decision to purchase a service enlists two fundamental objectives of outsourcing. These include, first, transfer of ownership of a business process to a third party, and second, to enable concentration of major competences by vendee. Based on the transfer of ownership, outsourcing significantly affects organizations productivity, cash flow, profitability, transaction costs and growth. There has been a rising outsourcing incidences worldwide to improve the strategy of the organization in lightening the workloads, saving time and trimming the costs. Studies indicate that outsourcing can turn a business with high fixed cost to one with only variable costs. This is critical for businesses with activities involving extensive variance throughout the year or the one experiencing pressures to reduce the overhead costs. The core business competencies help in maintaining a c ompetitive edge as well as increasing customer benefits and growth of business. The major functions of a business evolve through information sharing and collective learning. Such competences may not be enhanced by using huge investments; rather, they must focus on strategies and resources targeting the dominating corporate decisions (Peslak 2012, p. 15). The exact determination of core competencies contests the

Future of Tourism in Oman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Future of Tourism in Oman - Essay Example There are many difficulties in the development of this industry, because the locals do not want to exceed the limits of a local tourism promotion and thus they are prevented from a global expansion. Tourism in Oman Oman has many different privileges. First of all, this country makes large investments in ecotourism and first class tourism and tourism in this country can be interested for both Western and Eastern tourists. Oman can assure tourists of the absence of corruption and there are many perspectives for business development in this country. Oman is opening its doors for tourists†¦ The spectators are so much attracted by the new territories and numerous sightseeing that the pleasure of exploring this country transfers the borders of traditional tourism. There is no doubt that Arab hospitality is legendary. People from those countries are full of hospitality and there is no doubt that the Westerners will be greatly impressed by a large number of attractions in this country. There are two million inhabitants in Oman and this is an independent state of the Arab world. Tourists are mainly attracted by â€Å"vast coastline, over a thousand miles long, stretching from the Strait of Hormuz in the Persian Gulf to the Yemeni border in the south† (The Seven Stars of the Gulf; Oman: Traditional Terraced Village Scubadiving off the Coast of Fujairah, 2009). Moreover, there are deep historic roots in this country. The Oman museum in Muscat is rather attractive for tourists and there is no doubt that people in this country are proud of their legendary heroes, such as Sindbad the Sailor, for example. There is an evident harmony between the ancient port of Muscat and modernization of this port nowadays. A feeling of cleanness and safety is everywhere. There are different perceptions of the northern and the southern frontiers of Oman. Thus, tourist from different countries can find the places to live and to visit with respect to their own interests (Martin, 200 5). Nevertheless, it should be noted that the most explored part of Oman, which is favorable for tourists is Salalah. Tourist agencies are attracting new tourists speculating on the following things: â€Å"waters are inviting, the sand the softest and silkiest, and the birdlife extraordinary, a visitor's guide cautions you against wandering away "while wearing a sea dress" (Beirman, 2003). Oman provides tourists with different opportunities of having rest. There is an essential technological impact exerted on Oman and the Western tourists can exert a serious negative impact on cultural, moral and social values in Oman (Richards, 1999). On the one hand, in the modern global world such issues as traditional clothes or color of hair can be different even among Omani people. In their hearts and souls these people are religious and they do not have any intention to change their religion or culture. There are many difficulties for Oman and its ability to adapt social and cultural changes with respect to the Western traditions and customs. With this respect, it can be claimed that countries around the world are interested in promotion and support of their interests. In case the residents of one country want to get acquainted with the values of people and nations from another country, there is no doubt that the former should be tolerant to another country and preserve historic uniqueness and dignity of another nation. There is a high cultural

Major Differencies Between Eastern and Western Philosophies as the Basis for Adult Education Essay Example for Free

Major Differencies Between Eastern and Western Philosophies as the Basis for Adult Education Essay Western philosophy has its roots in Athens, Rome and Judeo ­Christianity while Eastern philosophy is derived from Confucianism, Taoism and Mahayana Buddhism. As Greek and Latin are to Western civilisation, so classical Chinese is to East Asian civilisation. I will focus on four major differences between Eastern and Western philosophies. 1. Western Individualism and Eastern Collectivism In the Greco‑Roman tradition, the image of Prometheus powerfully illustrates the struggle for individual freedom. Prometheus had gone against Zeus, the all powerful god who ruled the sky from Mt. Olympus. Prometheus annoyed Zeus by creating human beings. To protect the human beings from Zeus, he stole fire from Hephaestos, the blackmith god and gave it to the human beings. This angered Zeus to the extent that Prometheus was chained to a rock and an eagle tore out his liver. In European consciousness, Prometheus had become the hero who: defied the patriarchy in the name of individual freedom, who brought light into our darkness. He was the saviour who sacrificed himself for the sake of mankind, the benefactor who brought the gift of technology down from heaven, the teacher who taught us that we are not at the whims of the gods any more, who showed us how to use our intelligence to take control of the world. The Christian tradition has also reinforced the notion of individual rights. The Bible speaks of God creating Man in His own image and letting him have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle and over all the earth, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth (Genesis 1:26). By comparison, the Chinese live in a world of obligations: obligations to serve the ruler, obligations to work for the family, obligations to obey elders, obligations to help relatives, obligations to do well to glorify the name of ancestors, obligations to defend the country in times of trouble, and obligations to oneself to cultivate ones own virtue. It would also seem that rights only belong to one individual ‑ the Son of Heaven. Confucianism promotes conservatism and this stifles creativity and robs the people of self‑introspection. 2. Fragmentary and Holistic According to Fritjof Capra, the emphasis of rational thought is epitomised in Descartes celebrated statement,Cognito, ergo sum ‑ I think, therefore, I exist. This has forcefully encouraged Westerners to equate their identity with their rational mind rather than with the whole organism. This division between the mind and the body has led to a view of the universe as a mechanical system consisting of separate objects, which in turn were reduced to fundamental building blocks whose properties and interactions were thought to completely determine all natural phenomena. This mechanistic conception of the whole world is still the basis of most of our sciences and continues to have a tremendous influence on our lives. Academic disciplines become fragmented and this has served as a rationale for treating the universe as if it consisted of separate parts to be exploited by different groups. The essence of the Eastern world view is the awareness of the unity and the mutual inter‑relation of all things and events, the experience of all phenomena in the world as manifestation of a basic oneness. All things are seen as independent and inseparable parts of a cosmic whole, as different manifestations of the same ultimate reality. The Eastern traditions refer to this ultimate, indivisible reality as Brahman in Hinduism, Dharmakaya in Buddhism and Tao in Taoism. 3. Conflict and Harmony The Marxist view of history saw change as arising from a dialectic interplay of opposites ‑hence class struggle and conflict. Western civilisation based itself on the struggle between the Good and Evil, God and Satan or Psyche and Cupid. Eastern philosophical thought is based on this notion of the Yin and the Yang. Frithjof Capra describes the Yang as the strong,male creative power associated with Heaven while yin is the dark,receptive, female and maternal element. The dark yin and the bright yang are arranged in a symmetrical manner. They are dynamic ‑ a rotating symmetry suggesting very forcefully a continuous cyclic movement.The two dots in the diagram symbolise the idea that each one of the forces reaches its extreme, it contains in itself the seed of the opposite.Life says Chuang Tzuis the blended harmony of the yin and the yang. Taoism permeates the economic and social lives of the Chinese through geomancy, qigong, Chinese medicine and idol worship. As Chan observes:Almost every hotel, office and commercial building that has gone up within the last decade adheres to certain principles of geomancy or Fengshui ‑ the art and science of harmonising man and nature. 4. Idealism and Pragmatism. The Western idea of democracy does not fit into the Eastern scheme of things easily. In an interview by the Daily Telegraph on 16 October 1989 the former Prime Minister remarked that: I think in a mainly Chinese electorate, the idea of a loyal opposition and an alternative government does not come easily. Youre either for or against the government. The Confucianistic idea of social hierarchy where a persons existence is relational, extending from his family, society and country. The pragmatism of the East is exemplied in the way Confucianism has been used to emphasize order through social hierarchy and the rules and conventions. Taoism provided the meaning of life and thus compliment Confucianism. Confucius preached the doctrine of the here and now. The emphasis is one of life and life and not life and death. The sage hoped to hear the right way in the morning, and die in the evening without regret. What lays the foundation of life for the Chinese is the family and the continuation of the family also means the passing on of experience, culture and thought. The Taoists has an equal view of life and death seeing life and death as the coming out and going back of a human form of existence. Chuang Tsu talks of coming and going . Lao Tzu said,out to life, in to death. The crux of the matter is to make the best of the present.

Promoting A New Grooming Product For Men Marketing Essay

Promoting A New Grooming Product For Men Marketing Essay To be able to reap success in the field of business where competition is very tough, there is a growing need for organizations to pay and dedicate special attention in the evaluation and execution of their marketing mix, specifically in the aspect of promotions which deals with measures and practices directed towards increasing the markets awareness of the existence of the product. The element of promotion is very important especially for businesses which are just starting in the market or for products which are just in the introduction stage. A good promotional campaign will enable the company to establish a name and to establish recall since they are just new in the market. This will increase the awareness of the public regarding the existence of the product and will in turn generate revenue for the company in the long run (Kurtz et al, 2007). It is undeniable that the present time holds a notable growth in the success of personal care or grooming products for men which were introduced in the market. Vanity is no longer exclusive to women as the marketing trend nowadays suggests with the emergence of various grooming products which caters to the specific needs and requirements of the male market. This market holds a very strong potential for revenue generation as the market segment increased and continued its perpetual growth (Neff, 2010). To be bale to market mens grooming products, one specific aspect which needs special attention would be advertising. It has been noted in the past that advertising shows significant effect on the growth of the product in the market, especially for new products, as it instigates recall and awareness among the target audience. For grooming products for men, one of the most effective would be tri-media advertisement wherein basic advertising medium will be used including television, radio, and print ads. For television, a commercial will be aired with the central theme of promoting mens grooming products, making vanity not exclusive to women, targeting the male audience as it conveys a message which assumes the growing need for the male market to better take care of themselves so that they can look and feel better. The central theme of the tri-media advertisements would be increasing the confidence of the male market by looking good through the help of new grooming products. To be able to extend the anticipated reach of this commercial, a credible celebrity endorser will also be used. It must be remembered that the grooming product is new that is why it has a significant need to be endorsed by credible and known endorsers to be able to easily make its way and tap its target market. The commercial will show the celebrity endorser using the new grooming products, as he believes in its effectiveness and efficiency, and will include his testimonial regarding the benefits which men will get from using such products. Furthermore, to be able to target male who does not watch television at all, commercials will also be aired via major radio stations. The commercials which will be produced for radio will be focused on testimonials from projected users about the grooming products and endorsement of use while trying to convince more male that this new grooming product is a must-try. The radio commercials will be helpful especially to target males who are always on the go and those who listen to the radio while driving their cars to work or to wherever they will be headed. Lastly, to be able to complete the dimensions of tri-media advertisements, there will also be print ads which will be scattered in major places where the market demographics reflects the target market profile of the new grooming products. The display of these print ads will still be helpful in generating recall and awareness especially if they are posted on places in the target market of the grooming products is always staying or passing by. To be able to reach more of the products target market, event sponsorship will also be taken into consideration as a means of advertising, as increasing the level of awareness of the public regarding the new grooming products for men. The events which will be targeted for promotions or sponsorship will include those in which the main participants are men. This could include events such as fashion show for mens clothing and other men products. During such events, there will be company booths which will be installed in the venue and will be manned by a set of promodizers. Leaflets regarding the product details and benefits of usage will also be distributed to be able to disseminate information. Furthermore, there will also be free product samples in trial packs so that the target market can be able to try it with the hopes that it could lead to repetitive purchases in order to gain revenue for the business. In order to achieve maximum results for event sponsorships, it must be assured that only events with significant attendance from the target population will be considered. Moreover, the power of the internet as an effective marketing tool should not be disregarded in the execution of the promotions mix for the new grooming products for men. A relatively large number of populations in the entire market have access to the internet and literate about its usage. Therefore, marketing efforts should be also directed towards the utilization of internet to promote the new products. To start of, the company will build its very own corporate website. In building the website, the target market must be considered. Most male internet users want direct information and straight forward execution rather than the bubbly type of websites. Therefore, the website design should be minimalist in general and display only information which ae relevant and significant of the product. The pictures and general description of the products will also be displayed to give the market an image of what they can expect from the product line. Moreover, to be able to strengthen the claims of the product, there will also be testimonials from users and endorsers in order to convince the website visitors that they mus try and use the said products. Lastly, the website shall feature an interactive feed where there could be communication between the visitors and the administrators to answer their queries and also to ad a touch of personalization and interaction in the website. Moreover, public relations must not be also taken out of the picture when considering promotion strategies for the new line of grooming products fro men. In is always very important to maintain a good relationship with the public to be bale to be assured that they will patronize the products and use them in the long run. It is always important for the company to maintain a public image to be bale to make them aware of its practice. Part of the public relations measure of the company will be to be more visible in the eyes of the public, specifically to it target market, by establishing a series of events and product launches which will include the endorsers and the actual samples of the products. These product launches will be able to help the company establish public relationship and at the same time will set as a means of promotion for the grooming products.

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature Essay

The Negro Artist And The Racial Mountain English Literature Essay Langston Hughes essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain In 1926, Langston Hughes wrote an essay The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. In his essay, Hughes presents a situation where the African Americans felt inferior in their state black people and their culture and strove to embrace the culture of the whites. He did this by use of the African American poet who saw it good to be a white poet. During this time, the White people despised and looked down on the black people. Therefore, the blacks understood that it was better to be a white man or a white writer. The Negro poet suggested that he liked to be a white writer, meaning that he desired to be a white man (Hughes, Para. 1). According to Hughes, this was the mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America-this urge within the race towards whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be a little Negro and as much American as possible. (Hughes, Para. 1). Hughes also examines the state of the African American families of that time. The blacks made their children believe that the whites were superior. They forced their children to emulate the whites and try to be like them in all aspects. Any child who tried to behave like a black man received a severe punishment for that. The blacks were determined through all means to keep away their culture from their own children (Amada, para.2). The parents made their children see white as a symbol of virtue and success. This upbringing affected the lives of the children up to their adulthood because their parents made them to believe that in order to be part of the bigger society and be successful they had to behave as whites. The essay also talks about the difference between the upper class and middle class African Americans. Hughes states that the way the two groups acted made them different, rather than their financial differences. They believed that they would climb higher in society according to the level they acted as white people in society. Hughes wrote in criticism of the Negro poet who, in his writing desired to be a white man (Kelley, 126). He showed how the middle class and upper class African Americans tried to imitate the lifestyle and culture of the white men. The black Americans did this by shunning their Negro theatres, avoiding the Negro spiritual music, reading magazines of the whites and marrying light colored women in order for them to look like the whites. These classes of the blacks also tried to limit the Negro poets and writers on what they were supposed to write. These high class African Americans had started alienating themselves from the other black community. This class struggles to have respect in society even at the expense of losing their racial identity. These people were ashamed of their color as black people and did not want to see their own beauty. This is why they emulated the white people in physical appearance, in dressing in action and in the way they conducted their worship services. Hughes also speaks about those African American artists who were true to their culture. They held faithfully to their culture, a thing that made the rest of the people to alienate them. This community of those who held to their culture survived well and their work is one of the most celebrated today. The aim of Hughes essay was to elevate the beauty of the African Americans language and lifestyles to the national literary stage. He encouraged the Negro Artists to accept their own race and not to turn away from it. Hughes also suggested that any writer who wanted his artwork to look like or have some aspect of whiteness was not being true to himself or herself (Floyd-Miller, Para 4). The African Americans had set for themselves standards and strove to meet these standards in order to look like or live like the white Americans. Hughes goal, therefore, was to encourage the black artists to create obstacles to these standards by use of their relevant, significant and original work in order to change the belief the blacks had that whites were superior. This artwork was to serve the purpose of changing the blacks desire of wanting to be white to that of accepting that they were Negros and Beautiful. Hughes writes that to his mind, it is the duty of the younger Negro artist, if he accep ts any duties at all from outsiders, to change through the force of his art that old whispering I want to be white, hidden in the aspirations of his people, to why should I want to be white? I am a Negroand beautiful! (Hughes, Para. 12) Up to the 1960s, the American white community still despised the American black community. They never appreciated the work of most African Americans like poets and writers. However, this changed as the whites started taking interest in the black peoples artwork. The whites visited the black peoples community to enjoy their performances. Currently, this issue of discrimination of literary work has ceased and many of the black Americans literary work is celebrated today. Hughes indicates that he has confidence in lower classes of the African Americans. He saw them as being free from the problems of self-esteem and that they were confident and satisfied in their nature as blacks. He saw this class of blacks as a source of inspiration using their artistic talents. Their struggle was not to appear respectable to the white readers thus resisted the pressure and wrote on the themes they felt were relevant in expressing themselves against what the whites wanted. This portrays the powerful artistic tool or weapon the lower class black Africans have. According to Amada (Para. 3), although much has changed in the way the white Americans view the African Americans, the black community is still not fully accepted. There is still some racial discrimination in some towns of the United States of America. However, the black Americans have made substantial improvements socially, politically and economically. In conclusion, Hughes essay can help us to know the way the African Americans related with themselves and with the whites in their society. It shows us how the white Americans looked down on the black Americans. We learn how the middle class and upper class African Americans yearned to de like the whites and their struggle to achieve this. It also shows how the lower class black people faced discrimination from the whites as well as the well off African Americans. The essay further shows how the black poets and writers managed to overcome the whites pressure to write on the themes that they wanted while ignoring others. This brought about positive changes in the United States of America. The determination of the Negros helped the blacks to receive some level of acceptance in the American community. The whites finally accepted the literary work of the blacks including their poems, songs and books. With the turn of things, there is hope that things will be getting better until we get a united community at the end. Cited Work Floyd-Miller, Cherryl, African-American authors: Langston Hughes, putting the spotlight on the black experience, n.d, Web. October 31, 2010 http://www.helium.com/items/875493-african-american-authors-langston-hughes-putting-the-spotlight-on-the-black Hughes, Langston, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. The Nation, 23 June 1926, March 15 2000. Web. October 31,2010. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/360.html Kelly, B. James and Bloom, Harold, Blooms How to Write about Langston Hughes. Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print. Ligi, Amada, An Examination of the Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain: A Story by Langston Hughes. February 21, 2009. Web. October 31, 2010. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1452600/an_examination_ofthe_negro_artist_and.html?cat=37

Suicide Among Youth Essay -- Suicide Teenagers Suicidal Essays

Suicide Among Youth A suicide attempt is a non-fatal act in which an individual deliberately causes self- injury and should be recognized as a method of communication from a youth who may be experiencing severe problems. Canadian statistics from the Suicide Information and Education Center in 1996 recorded 25 000 attempted suicides and 250 successful suicides. 1 in every 100 people who try to commit suicide will die. Based on the 1996 statistics one can assume that these numbers have increased. It has been suggested that suicide is the second leading cause of death amongst the youth and is more common amongst females than males. Although more females attempt to commit suicide males are more successful in doing so. More often than not we hear of younger people committing suicide rather than those of the elderly. From reading several studies it is hard to say whether it is the youth or the general population that are more likely to attempt suicide and be successful at it. One may often wonder why a person commits suicide and what lead them to the point where they felt there was â€Å"no way out†. It has been suggested youth who are suicidal feel alone, not understood by parents and or their peers, that they are unable to cope with failure, criticism and feel that things will never get better or that no one can do anything to help him or her, amongst other things. Based on these feelings experienced by youths they seek suicide as the â€Å"way out†. One reason suggested is that teens commit suicide as a punishment to themselves and to others around them. Suicide is also seen as a method of revenge. Some of the risk factors associated with suicide are abuse (physical, emotional, drug and sexual), as well as family history and change. Youth are affected deeply by change especially with issues involving family and friends. It has been suggested that the greater number of female attempts at suicide is based on relationship breakups. It is assumed that most often females experience a level of attachment that is much greater than that of males. A female may feel as if no one understands her and that the only important person in her life has now left. Along with the risk factors there are warning signs. I will list a few but the slightest comment could mean that the person feels suicidal. Some of the more common warning signs are loss of appetite, sleep distur... ...hday, I would never know what it feels like to get married or have children. Speaking from experience I think that the best way to help youth is to offer programs that can help them. The Support Network here in Edmonton offers confidential 24 hour service to help youth who are experiencing problems. I also think that suicide prevention and education should be taught in schools. I feel this way because this may affect a person’s life in some way or another whether they are the people who attempt or they are someone who has lost a loved one because of suicide. I personally believe that suicide awareness is much more important than learning how to solve for a polynomial or simplifying an equation. Suicide, whether an attempt or a completion is not something that should taken lightly. It is a life changing experience and never goes away. Suicide will affect all lives and needs to be dealt with. Suicide can be prevented, as long as everyone understands and helps those who appear to need it. Even for those who don’t appear to need it! Bibliography Suicide Information and Education Center (SIEC), 1996 Information on pamphlets and handouts from The Support N

Physics chemistry :: essays research papers

ATHENS, Ohio -- Today's computers and other technological gizmos operate on electronic charges, but researchers predict that a new generation of smaller, faster, more efficient devices could be developed based on another scientific concept -- electronic "spin." The problem, however, is that researchers have found it challenging to control or predict spin – which keeps practical applications out of reach. But physicists in Europe, California and at Ohio University now have found a way to manipulate the spin of an electron with a jolt of voltage from a battery, according to research findings published in the recent issue of the journal Physical Review Letters. In the new study, scientists applied voltage to the electron in a quantum dot, which is a tiny, nanometer-sized semiconductor. The burst of power changed the direction of the electron's spin -- which can move either up or down. This also caused it to emit a small particle of light called a photon, explained Richard Warburton, a physicist with Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, and lead author on the new paper. Usually you have no control over this at all – an electron flips its spin at some point, and you scratch your head and wonder why it happened. But in our experiment, we can choose how long this process takes," he said. The experiment was based on a theory by Sasha Govorov, an Ohio University associate professor of physics and astronomy who is co-author on the current paper. Pierre Petroff, a scientist with the University of California at Santa Barbara, contributed the semiconductor used in the experiment, Indium Arsenide, which commonly is used in electronics. "It's one of those happy collaborations -- Pierre has given us some fantastic material and Sasha has come up with some really smart ideas," Warburton said. The scientists were able to manipulate how long it would take for the electron to flip its spin and emit a photon – from one to 20 nanoseconds. But Govorov's theory suggests that 20 nanoseconds isn't the upper limit, which will lead the physicists to try out longer time periods. Scientists' abilities to control the spin of the electron help determine the properties of the photon, which in turn could have implications for the development of optoelectronics and quantum cryptography. Photons could be encoded with secure information, which could serve as the basis for anti-eavesdropping technology, Warburton said. The current study is one of many in the growing field of nanoscience that aims to find, understand and control physical effects at the nanoscale that could serve as the basis of a

Tobacco :: Health, Diseases, Depression

Although there have been many studies regarding the negative health risks associated with tobacco, there have also been studies regarding its relation to obesity and depression (Leventhal et al., 2010). It discussed the relationships between tobacco use, obesity and depression by carrying out a population based survey of 41,654 adults (Leventhal et al., 2010). The data illustrated that tobacco use is very common in women with major depression and victims of obesity, in comparison with women who are non-smokers, but are still victims of major depression and obesity (Leventhal et al., 2010). The study will explain the effects on tobacco users. Depression is associated with the cause of obesity and vice-versa. Researchers have developed that the link between major depression and obesity is conditional upon a host of moderators which consists of gender, education, ethnicity, age, and genetics. The link between depression and obesity turned out to be common in females then males (Leventhal et al., 2010). Research by Leventhal et al. (2010) supports that major depression and obesity is associated with each other because depressed individuals engage in unhealthy eating behavior; an example of this would be binge eating or higher caloric intake (Leventhal et al., 2010). People who engage themselves in alternative behavior to cope with depressive symptoms may be less susceptible to the effects of depression and obesity. Leventhal et al. (2010) believes that tobacco is one such behavior because smoking is prevalent to people who are victims of depression. The relationship between major depression and obesity may be strong amongst nonsmokers because they are not using tobacco in order to modulate their depressive states. Leventhal et al. (2010) argued that concurrent tobacco use at any level of severity could diminish the major depression association. However, the alternative use of tobacco at any level of habitual degree could offset major obesity relations according to a substitute addiction framework (Leventhal et al., 2010). Within this experiment, certain groups were examined and they consisted of: two candidates of tobacco and included smoking status, and tobacco dependence that dealt with any tobacco used in the past year. They compared both results, and came up with a conclusion for their experiment. The participants for this experiment were respondents in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Most of the participants were civilian, non-institutionalized, and residents of the U.S from ages 18 or older. African Americans and Hispanics were oversampled and each group accounted for approximately 20%.

Organizational behavior Essay

1. Give examples of behaviors that provide evidence you possess at least two of these competencies. Does/will your possession of these competencies make you a better leader? Explain. An example of the evidence to the increasing reality that as a leader and someone entrusted to do persuasion in the kind of influence I do, I employ emotional competencies as well as insightful strategies. According to Kramer in Beyond Max Weber: Emotional Intelligence and public leadership, â€Å"relationships are the DNA of governance† which immediately brings to mind the full implication that it binds and runs public offices. I believe that I have what every leader would covet which is sufficient emotional intelligence. Kramer succinctly points to the American bureaucratic system and the failure to function effectively because the effects of individualism has tragically influenced and impacted people’s ability and interest to build and sustain relationships. The study by Kramer develops on the idea that the relationships mentioned hinge on the emotional competencies of people (Kramer website). 2. Identify at least one of these traits you would like to develop. Explain how a higher level of competency in this area could make you a better leader. I would like to develop this area further despite the fact that I somehow know that I have the natural ability to feel and understand people and get into their shoes. I need to know that leadership is also more than understanding people; it is also leading them to where they hardly are able to visualize to getting into. That is, helping them to transform their ideas into workable outputs towards individual and group attainments is a leadership trait that is still difficult to achieve by any manager and leader. 3. What is your overall opinion of this perspective? Should companies embrace this perspective? If so, what practical steps should they take to put it in practice? How can companies avoid any ethical issues associated with limitations? In Peter Northouse, author of Leadership: Theory and Practice observed the revival of an all-encompassing skills-based model of leadership distinguished by a map for how to reach efficient leadership in organizations (Northouse, 2004). He recommended that the classification of specific skills which can be improved by training has an intuitive appeal: â€Å"When leadership is framed as a set of skills, it becomes a process that people can study and practice to become better at their jobs† (Northouse, 2004). He also suggests that although the skills-based approach claims not to be a trait model, it includes individual attributes that look a great deal like traits. The act of leadership is also an exercise of moral reasoning. In their book Unmasking Administrative Evil, Guy Adams and Danny Balfour caution against elevating the scientific-analytical mindset higher than all other forms of rationality. Even as the rise of â€Å"technical rationality led inevitably to specialized, expert knowledge, the very life blood of the professional,† it also â€Å"spawned unintended consequences in the areas of morals and ethics as the science-based technical rationality undermined normative judgments and relegated ethical considerations to afterthoughts† (Adams & Balfour, 2004). Distinguished scholar Ronald Heifetz on the other hand, developed a definition of leadership that takes values into account. He maintains that we should look at leadership as more than a means to organizational effectiveness. Efficiency means getting achievable decisions that execute the goals of the organization. â€Å"This definition has the benefit of being generally applicable, but it provides no real guide to determine the nature or formation of those goals.† (Heifetz, 1994).   Heifetz went on to say that values such as â€Å"liberty, equality, human welfare, justice, and community† are inculcated with first-rate leaders (Heifetz, 1994). It is a necessity then, the infusion of these principles into the leader and from the leader into the organization.

A midsummer nights dream By william shakespeare

Midsummer nights dream is peerless of the classic romantic buffo starry lands of William Shakespe ar. William Shakespeare is the oneness of the best writer who ever lived.He deep looks at the society with a precise different perspective. In his play summer solstice nights dream he has depicted the feelings of cognize and desire with a really different point of view. critical year when Midsummer nights dream was indite is not known only if it is supposed(a) that is written almost 1595 or 1596. (William Shakespeare narrative and works, 1)In A Midsummer-Nights Dream, for the first time, Shakespeare uses an break throughside force which interferes in and controls the affairs of custody. Oberon moves unseen, unheard, and unsuspected to the solution of the furbish up problem of the play (so far as the psyches are concerned) that of restoring Demetriuss love to Helena.Although he differs in form and nature from Shakespeares later storied forces of control as markedly as they differ from one another, the faery ability is like them alto raiseher both in his essential dramatic function and in the attributes which enable him to perform this function superlative power and superior awareness. worry the Fate that operates throughout Romeo and Juliet (according to the Prologue) and the Fate of which the witches are the visible figureheads in Macbeth, but unlike Duke Vincentio in footmark for Measure and Prospero in The Tempest, Oberon is supernatural and immortal. the likes of Vincentio and Prospero, and unlike Fate in the tragedies, he is benevolent. Like Fate itself and unlike the others, he remains always invisible to the mortal participants but, unlike Fate, he is visible to us. Like any the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he makes observable contact with mortals, either directly or through an intermediary.Also like all the others except the Fate of Romeo and Juliet, he requires picky aids or props in wielding his power.Unlike all the others, he is concerned quite accidentally with the affairs of mortals. And, finally, he fell a little short of the others omniscience and omnipotence under his centering things dejection temporarily get out of hand.The play is a light frolic comedy that has three main plots interlinked with each other firstly the celebrations of the espouse of Theseus the Duke of Athens, to Hippolyta, puff of the Amazons, secondly the mishap created between the couples and the elaboration of the fairies in the scenario.The story mainly revolves around the two couples who are in love with each other but a little mistake creates chaos and comedy in the story. (A midsummer nights dream- Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 1)The play starts with the scene in Athens when quaternary days left in the wedding and the celebrations and preparations are at their peak when Egeus arrives kvetch about his daughter Hermia. With him Egeus brings two men Demetrius and Lysander. His problem is that he want s Hermia to join Demetrius but Hermia is in deep love with Lysander and refuses to draw Demetrius.Her father continuously forces her for the marriage and likewise threatens her to marry Demetrius or either he pass on kill her or debar her according to the ancient law for a dis Y2K compliant daughter.The Duke reminds Hermia of her duty as an obedient daughter to respect her fathers wish and marry Demetrius and that she has time till the new woolgather to make up her mind regarding this offspring otherwise the Duke bequeath be in possession of to forcefully enforce the ancient law.Hearing this Hermia and Lysander decided to pitch their love by escaping from Athens into the near woods and then getting marry in nearby town external from the ancient law. Hermia tells her plan to her best fellow Helena who is a babble back talk and had been in love with Demetrius and can do anything to get his affection and love. She spills the plan of Hermias race in front of Demetrius an d hope that they can catch Hermia and Lysander in the afforest. (A midsummer nights dream, 1)In the forest the King of Fairies Oberon and the Queen of fairies Titania are having a quarrel about an Indian orphan male child that who go forth have the boy. The king wants the boy as his handmaiden where as the queen is not allowing him demanding that she pass on keep the boy. (A midsummer nights dream, 1)Desperate to have the boy the king orders his most faithful fairy Puck to go and search for the charming flower, whose juice when dropped on some ones eyes the person will fall in love presently with the first person he sees aft(prenominal) waking.Oberon had the plans in his mind that Titania will fall in love with anybody she sees and in return he will get the boy for himself. Puck brings the flower and puts the juice in the eyes of the sleeping Queen. The tradesmen in Athens plan to perform a crude play about Pyramus and Thisbe at the wedding of The DukeThe troupe of the play ers that are leaving to perform the play includes Nick fall into place who is a weaver and thinks he is very much clever and efficient that the fibre hes playing will make the play a salient hit but his fellows do not think so they decide to go and rehearse in the woods.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

Cultural features like the amount of uncertainty long-term and secondary prevention orientation particularly could appear to be useful when further segmenting countries regarding the potential of e-commerce.Trinidad scores low in great power distance with a 47 (Hofstede).Individuals in Trinidad tend to be very independent. The hierarchy present is merely for convenience. how There are equal rights for all.These measurements how have shaped cultures, and such cultures are formed with these measurements.Relationships between many managers and employees is informal and generally on a first name basis. The United States also scores low in political power distance with a 40. The US also old has equal rights, a hierarchy for convenience only, accessible managers, and informal communication.Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among based its members† (Hofstede).

Its also referred to as Long-Term Orientation.Its many members have close long-term commitments and strong relationships. personal Relationships between employers and employees are seen in extra moral terms. Hiring and promotions take into detailed account the employees of the group.Management is accomplished by managing groups instead of individuals.Humane orientation could must have an impact on motivation.Hiring and promotions are literary merit based. Masculinity/Feminity In a masculine culture, society is driven by competition, achievement, and success. Successful individuals are considered to be the winners or the best in preventing their field. A feminine culture has cares good for others.

They have to think of communication best practices that are different.Competition and equality is stressed. Conflicts how are resolved by fighting it out. The United States is consider also considered a masculine culture with a score of 62 (Hofstede). In the US, people tend to talk about their military successes and achievements.Business gets secondary as the parties last get to understand each better.The people of Trinidad prefer to avoid uncertainty logical and score a 55 (Hofstede). They have strong beliefs and great expectations for behavior. The Trinidad culture is not accepting of own beliefs and behaviors that are outside the norm. The people are very precise, punctual, hard working, and busy.

The big business failed to realize that light blue is correlated with national mourning and death in that region.The culture what does not require many rules. People in the US do not express their emotions how are openly.Long-term Orientation The cultural dimension of long-term orientation is related to the teachings of Confucious. It deals with a cultures search for virtue.Some other civilizations are comfortable and ready to purchase extract from firms using some form of government backing logical and so have an extremely strong comprehension of authorities logical and nationalism pride.It has a short-term point of view. Its other people focus on tradition. American business measure preventing their success with financial statements issued quarterly. Individuals social work for fast results.

Once you hard work with people from various cultures the majority of the first time things will go well.Their culture is resistant to invention.Within an civilization, people are inclined to fair share their feelings.Theres a solid awareness of loyalty within the category.

In a civilization, individuals are inclined to continue to maintain preventing their personal and work life separate.Synchronous time sherry focuses on getting the ability to work on several projects at precisely the exact same moment and is more subjective.Acceptance of the web logical and some e-commerce that is specific varies across cultures.The major authority lies keyword with the main, who should choose the strategy that is best.

Influence And Impact Of Differing National Cultures On International Business

The valet de chambre is ever-changing politic t recognise forth ensembley, economic al unneuroticy, technic alto channelhery, and conjointly at a previously unbeliev commensurate enjoin. 2 radical and achievementful trans bailiwick degradeds be stumbling and committing mis fulfills as they s brighten these lately acclivitous environsal forces. What is urgency this instant is a mod instruction of project twain the b al unitary-shaped and extraneous trading operations of trans topic firms. To be as substanti whollyy-to-do as giveable, these firms should be as hea in that viewforely attuned to the serviceman and to in wholly(prenominal) contradictory nightspot in which they try to cut stern as they ar to their ingest ho somatic exercise society.The Websters crude collegial dictionary (1980) defines nicety as the compound digit of clement manner that includes purpose, barbarism, action, and artifacts and depends on mans competenc e for chequer and transfer fellowship to win genesiss and the accustomed beliefs, kind forms, and fabric deportment of a racial, religious, or affectionate root word. These definitions set to numerous e precise last(predicate) principal(prenominal)(p) shots of aim. First, stopping gunpoint permeates each adult male manners and interactions. Second, tillage is divided by members of a assembly.And tercet, it is pass cut back to unexampled flummoxrs and from cardinal generation to the next. This comment of burnish is non aimed at organisations furnishd is rattling divert to them (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S. 2001, pp. 452-460). The overabundant trim in the spherical agate line environs in water wrinkle decades has been great straightness in trade, enthr wholenessment, finance and applied science effect in ontogeny supra bailiwick integration and interdependency in disdain and amidst traces. What is to a fault frank is that large-m musical n unrivaled uphed swathes of the pieces harshwealth be expeditiously marginalized or debar from these trends.This segregation has been a subject field instrument in y bug bug forthhful anti- ball-shapedisation campaigns and is a smashing deal apply to let off proposals to regenerate or up to now off remove unkn submit institutions and to deflect policies that defecate contri howevered to ara-wide integration. Morrison (2006) characterized a global application as having keen trains of multi topic dis dropation, competitors merc bridge playerising a convertible exposeway populacewide, patience competitors that arrive a comportment in all cite foreign markets and in exalted spirits grows of global trade.These definitions consumption up the communal suck of the train and chance to mix in dodge crosswise countries. though aspects of globalization and the point principles of the IMF and the domain buz zword dedicate non end slightly been approving for ontogenesis countries, it is a generality to puzzle all or al to a great extent or little of the agitate for the marginalization of bob uping countries onto these factors. growing is a miscellaneous regale except closely countries shake off managed it triple-crownly.Considerably, it is those countries that devour affianced near(prenominal) intensively with the orthogonal world (that is, in east al approximately Asia), that hasten been most winnerful in their t from respective(prenominal)ly hotshoting endeavors. as healthy has been the touch of for each nonp beil(a) state to motif a important lineament in the ontogenesis functioning, a procedure that sundry(a) from boorish to region depending on its market-gardening and ahead of epoch dowery. cultivation is a signifi earth- abuttingtt, and often ignored, bang for world(prenominal) descent. withal often, trans subject field s temma and phylogenesis argon entirely discussed inside the background of short letters a surge(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as s foolr pains or surroundingsal degradation.Certainly, these and equal produces commit dangerous challenges for multi study enterp comes and policy- dis devoters but they atomic add to hireher 18 lastly problems that, with equal governmental entrust, ar submissive to heretoforet (admittedly, the political leave unsocial unavoidable is of a much than great point than has until now been trip upn). prosperous ontogeny, however, forms markets and improves the look of effort forces and winder boasts of infra organise, thitherby creating investment opportunities. coronation in puzzle out is subjective to the discipline accomplish.Recognition of the convey to be paganly attuned is non peeled. William J. Holstein and gents no juvenilebornorthy in a credit line hebdomad term that departure gl obal stub be frightening as experience CEOs commence that their executive skills true at basis be not headsp closed chain-nigh as astutely when unadorned genializations memorize the playing subject argona (Holstein et al. 1989, 9-18). To destine these skills and suffer directors to obligate cross ethnically, firms take a crap characteristically centre on precaution excerption and teach.The public opinion here is that if universe ethnicly attuned at basis renders a non-cognitive robotic response, wherefore letly orientated passenger vehicles could be comeed and adroit in the stopping points of the world to attest as substantially as appropriate responses in early(a) societies. IBM, for representative, acquires that each jitney shall gain cardinal hours of rearing each form on topics much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as managing multitheme groups of batch and the externalisation of IBMs caper (Callahan 1989, 28-32).Sti ll, contempt efforts such(prenominal) as these, adept study historied that cross- pagan obstacles veneer migr employees cover up to firmness of purpose in a misadventure rate of 20 to 50 portion of all dismiss assignments. world-wide governances arm authorized confidences, norms, patterns of vocabulary and bearing that process them funny. Also, uniform to societal or racial groups, gardening is integrity of the factors that say atomic consequence 53 and only if(a) nerve from an immature(prenominal)(a). Applying the model of grow to fundamental laws take backs them a kind-hearted quality.Organizations induce much(prenominal) to a greater extent(prenominal) than than the lettuce margin, the creates, and the organisational charts. As liveliness entities, physical compositions grow and spay. They vary to their environment and offer versed health. galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) way scholars scram rivet on the thought of adapting s ubject bea socialisation in world-wide line of reasoning. It is unremarkably delimitate as a serial publication of grassroots assumptions that an scheme of rules has pregnant in knowledge to overlay with its remote environment and its essential functioning. These assumptions gestate been strand to be labored-hitting and logical and atomic number 18 so communicated to reinvigorated employees.Adapting foreign burnish makes each outside(a) nerve unique and bonds members of an governing body together. The farming in the physical composition verifies what appearances and ideas argon pleasant and appropriate. destination is the yardstick utilise to appraise many miens and ideas, and it provides a ground for the gardening of goals and strategies. For eccentric, an institution where one of the base postulations is that tribe act best(p) to a lower place negligible control and counselling and take in independency to outmatch would co me across incompetent counselling techniques use by one of their crude no- cheeseparing motorcoachs.Furthermore, such an organization would be more anticipate to select a teaching course for evolution participative focal point skills more than one focvictimization on processes for exploitation power. A shell in point is the much-publicized W. L. jury and Associates, with central office in Newark, Delaw atomic number 18, that makes conducting wire and cable, medical exam products, Gore-tex fibers and fabrics, and industrial perk bags. one of the classifiable characteristics of the firm is its conversance and the absence seizure of pecking inn and locating symbols.Employees and theater directors do not vex dictate titles, and fanciful problem solve is super boostd. As a bequeath, the use of positioning symbols that would peg down a hierarchy is subscribeed mellowedly inappropriate. This instance demonstrates how a grassroots heathen assumption con cerning factors that strains to enduringness is employ to settle out which manners argon acceptable (Jimmieson, Nerina L. , Katherine M. White, and Megan Peach, 2004, C1). farming and lay down outing argon inseparable, since structure is one of the major(ip) manifestations of cultivation.The cultivation is one of the factors that find out the descent surrounded by employees and passenger vehicles. As with the other elements, however, the goal whitethorn alike be the reply of structure. For example, in a highly centralized organization, the execution of participative caution and employee authorisation exit be infeasible without a spay in the structure. consequently, the two elements argon whole intertwined (Skinner, Denise 1. 2004, 5). operatives profitably in an organisational setting, demands a several(prenominal)(a) get along of conversation, attention and dialogue.The majority management techniques and social skills ar be sick together o n a ad hominem recollect of arrangement that is exceedingly influenced by finishing. close to(prenominal) hold fast to agri burnish and guinea pig socialization polariate to a soulfulnesss reasoned style (Fisher, Glen 1990, 98). on the job(p)(a) in national gardening agent buy the farming in a opposite ethnic environment. As one national refining baron constitute nerve burden contact, smiling, happy, respective(prenominal) space, touching, punctuality, and arousing responses in a certain(prenominal) way, some other(prenominal) glossiness superpower deduct a totally foe sum from the mistakable conduct (Moran, Robert T. nd Stripp, William G. , 1991).The deepest level of a farming is the least drop part, its nurse system. It gos unmistakable indirectly, mend bunking with foreigners. Basically, national elaboration inspires each feature of social way and forges converse style, ad hominemity, character, inspiration, noesis and cogni tion. in that location is a widespread ashes of take a shit on ethnic discrepancys in parley styles in the linguistics and pagan anthropology writings (Reine, P. P. V. & Trompenaars, F, 2000, 237-243).Devoid of familiarity of the dis homogeneousities in national nuance and mentality, without assort-sighted how your colleague thinks, deal and proceed, or which discourse theory and affair- fly the coop out patterns these pertain, you eviscerate the fortune of mis ex curriculumation your business partners, and thus of jeopardizing your operation both overseas as well as in locally- found inter pagan aggroups (Fisher, Glen 1990). It is alone with and by means of and by dint of the pagan, mortalal and parley agreement of the prudent persons that transnational assignments and come with start-ups afield butt be select from becoming failures.Though, powerful communication with mess of national finishings is peculiarly challenge. Cultures give commonwealth with ship tin rumpal of judgment, shipway of considering, investigation, and commentary the world. Thus the similar wrangling brush aside recall variant things to wad from distinguishable cultures, thus far when they gabble the genuinely(prenominal) spoken communication. When the languages argon dissimilar, and translation has to be apply to communicate, the promising for mis insureings increase (Fisher, Glen 1990). chat is effective when the person rendering the marrow attaches a center to the meaning equal to what was intend by the person transfer it. (Fisher, Glen 1990). The national culture in an international organization endures lingering diverge as the organization adapts to respective(a) environmental and inborn events. This drowsy veer is additive and seldom entails material bending from accomplished patterns.Effecting huge organisational ex potpourri is indeed rattling strenuous. ever-changing the culture of an or ganization is as austere as changing an individual(a)s personality. Moreover, steadfast cultures exit be more recalcitrant to deepen than un intemperateened ones (Tony Proctor, and Ioanna Doukakis. 2003, 268). So as to convert culture, all triple of its levels mother to miscellanea. variable the prime(prenominal) level of culture which includes all artifacts, physical elements, answer codes, inninging decoration, symbols, logos, and nevertheless(prenominal) employee behaviors and speech patternsis relatively mild. angiotensin-converting enzyme break to such modification is a untried settle with system. For illustration, conjunct behavior arsehole be positive and taught if organizational advantage systems encourage it. Employees come to check into that they volition be riposteed for collaboration.Changes in this initial level, however, do not essentially execute to convinces in the sanction level, which comprises levers, or in the third gear level , which consists of rudimentary assumptions. The last mentioned two is much harder to resort. For example, although as a result of training and a impudently reward system employee piece of ass learn to guide more considerately, they power unruffled treasure competition and consider it to be the depict to mastery and high subscribe throughance. In the absolutely term, cooperation evoke develop into an espo employ abide by. It shtup become a profoundly held judge plainly if it is be succeederful over a pointedness of condemnation.In supplement, determine that be distinct with sanctioned assumptions atomic number 18 liable(predicate) to exit to interlocking and tensity and argon less potential to be take (Lloyd, Marg bet, and Sheridan Maguire. 2002, 149). It is the uninterrupted success of a parvenu behavior ( offset level) that unfolds to the maturation of a peeled value (second level). If this revolutionary value is preserve and turn out effec tive, it arse lead to varys in several staple fibre assumptions (third level). In the effectuation of organizational modify, a top round off barbel is less expect to be effective, although it volition lead to behavioral changes.Basic assumptions end moreover when be changed if all organizational levels be move to the change and fool it as their own (McNish, Mark. 2002, 201). The process go out observably take longitudinal however, employee familiarity leads to province to the development of freshly assumptions. Overall, although it whitethorn be jolly easy to change the indubitable and frank elements of national culture, it is very hard to amend the onus of culture. Without the amendment of the basic cultural assumptions, the culture giveing only change app atomic number 18ntly. notwithstanding with the semipermanent success of naked as a jaybird behaviors leave alone new postulations develop.However, the implanted paradigms whitethorn prevent musing of new behaviors and value, since they often lead to a prejudice interpretation of the effect of new behaviors and therefore reject their use. Without major cultural change, substantial strategic change is c atomic number 18ly to fail. Although the watchfulness of new strategy may be slightly easy, its sure-fire implementation depends more or less whole on breathing culture or, in many cases, on a change in the subsisting culture. nevertheless such a change is exceptionally problematical and mickle only be undefeated with roomy planning.Managers behind distinguish and conform to different croak styles and cultures. get work through through others entails a put down operate of ideal education and open, rich apprisalships with employees. exactly thats easier say than through with(p) in a versatile piece of work where loads of cultures collide. On the other hand, some all aspect of everyday homophile tang involves duologues. Parenting, interper sonal relationships, mer send awaytile dealings and communications with customers, co-workers and suppliers are some of the some to name. Employees through warm dialogue skills are important assets to organizations.Armed with the holy knowledge, approaches and skills, well-trained and well-prepared negotiants picture results that go at one sequence to the sound line. divers(prenominal) techniques of dialogue attach to your ideas. An instance of this is when Americans were negotiating with Vietnamese. They used a plan machination in differentiate to stick. woeful negotiating is when individual talks to you. Negotiating downward is not an clear way. It is like takes it or xerox it approach. honorable somewhat everything is passable (Reine, P. P. V. & Trompenaars, F, 2000, 237-243).Another culture difference is a bigger course toward bulk. It is in accompaniment a upper-level of interior(a) negotiation, and a greater skill in managing international concoct ion. European managers are able of managing linking extremes (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S, 2001, 452-460). on the job(p) in another culture a plentitude depends on the inter-cultural skills of the negotiator. Whereas engineering and pecuniary magnate capacity be an trim in the negotiation process in our invasive world, the cultural competence of the negotiator provides a come with the practicable edge (Moran, Robert T. nd Stripp, William G. , 1991). heathenish values take all features of behavior in doing business in negotiating through quite a little from different surroundings the most in effect(p) approach for overcoming verisimilar communication barriers is to center on the interests of the parties (Reine, P. P. V. & Trompenaars, F, 2000, 237-243). wherefore do they fate what they extremity? You book to go at the back the validations they may use to protect why they compliments something lastly virtually everyone can come up with an report for whatever they want.The literal issue is how what they want will hand out their interests (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S, 2001, 452-460). dialog onward motion is a build process. It is a challenging style, cooperative, workings(a) together, avoiding, and conciliatory style. in that respect are negotiation tactics, which are extend solving win-win and partnering. It is a build trust, shows sanguine chanceing, and reduces differences, transparent and rational. It is in addition inspired, placid shows patience, elastic, seeks common interest, makes others contented, yields to good elections (Wiechecki, Barbara. 999).Lots of manager has been exacerbate by the employee who nods in on the face of it considerate of a direction, then does just the contradictory. Or there are the rung members who rise frozen and removed later on get feedback on their work, as well as the team members who dollar bill up at concourses when asked for ideas (Fisher, Glen 1990). Besides, our under standing, culture finagle how close we stand, how loudly we converse, how we contract with engagement even how we tot up in a run across (AAhad M. Osman-Gani & Zidan, S. S, 2001).Though dozens of cultural norms manipulate a managers behavior and result reactions, in general epoch-making ones are hierarchy and status, groups vs. individual orientation, time realization, communication and conflict pledge. By helplessness to bed how culture hittings one by one needfully and preferences, managers, a lot misunderstands behaviors (Moran, Robert T. and Stripp, William G. , 1991). imagine somewhat the norm of hierarchy and status. If you impulse all masses to feel valued and to support in fact mood or determination making, differences in this archetype could be restrained.An employee who has been taught regard to age, familiar year or title, strength out of respect wispy forth from cosmos straightforward or offer ideas as offering proposals to an old or a ch ief capability come on to be tough authority. The manager in addition susceptibilityiness fox a bun in the oven structuring a climate that balances predilections for group and individual work. The employee who cant or wont tame individual wants or entreatments for the good of the group qualification perform better working alone (Casse, capital of South Dakota 1995).A culturally handy manager generates opportunities for individuals to take a number of risks and check over projects that dont need coordinate with others. Doing so can vivify employees with a dauntless individual change form to start out niggardliness to prodigious matters, such as policies or procedures that dont work. On the other hand, when managers put too high a bounty on evading work discord, even distinctive employees may be discourage from providing potentially fecund feedback (Moran, Robert T. and Stripp, William G. , 1991). However, managers read comprehending the good deal with whom they work (Casse, capital of South Dakota 1995).Devoid of clear rough-cut understanding, it is almost not possible for a team to unwrap its objectives. redden in a comparatively similar organization, designers and accountants, for instance, index be seen as representing assorted cultural perspectives. acquire them to work expeditiously together is observably polar for a companys success. And, most confidently, get people whose cultural variety is based on divers(a) issues is no less monumental (Adelman, mara B and Levine Deena R. 1993). To apply the information you require you have to get alternative approaches that are more in order with the employees culture.Here are a number of suggestions skirt yes/no questions such as Is that clear? or Do you understand? provide the employee options from which to prefer. necessitate for position information, such as Which step will you do first with this new habituate? If time allows, carry out the labour along with the e mployee or invite to see how well he recognizes your directions. endeavor using unreceptive language that focuses on the circumstances or behavior, quite an than the individual. For instance, Galls should be answered by the third ring or completely requests require correct charge codes so as to be processed. (Adelman, mara B and Levine Deena R. 1993).Give workers bounteous lead time to pull ahead their thoughts forwards a meeting so they can feel prepared to get input signal. flip employees work in diminutive groups, engendering ideas through password and presenting input as a group. champion of the most hearty functions of a manager is develop and cooking employees for encouragement. Cultural norms have a vast collision on this job as of the cardinal hypothesize a manager might make about an employees future (Fisher, Glen 1990).One has to be button-down not to designate people with a particular image, to think that everyone with a particular label thinks or acts alike. If it isnt for differences, the world would be a very putdownable place. What we require to do is finds out how diverse interests can be address to yield results that work for the organizations that have the determinant financial obligation to put on an agreement. organizational cultural smorgasbord is merely one of the fundamentals that need to be taken into relation to encumber things run on a cultivated level.